4.6 Review

Norovirus: An Overview of Virology and Preventative Measures

期刊

VIRUSES-BASEL
卷 14, 期 12, 页码 -

出版社

MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/v14122811

关键词

norovirus; epidemiology; outbreak prevention; genome; genotype; classification; control measures; pandemics and transmission

类别

资金

  1. Cancer Research UK (CRUK) [C25574/A24321]
  2. European Union [777682]

向作者/读者索取更多资源

Norovirus is a leading cause of gastroenteritis and responsible for a significant number of deaths annually. Outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. Nosocomial settings provide ideal conditions for transmission, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. The virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and can result in either asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal disease. Mutations in the virus allow for the emergence of new resistant variants. The classification system divides Norovirus into 10 genogroups and 49 genotypes based on genetic sequencing.
Norovirus (NoV) is an enteric non-enveloped virus which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis across all age groups. It is responsible for around 200,000 deaths annually and outbreaks are common in small communities such as educational and care facilities. 40% of all NoV outbreaks occur in long-term and acute-care facilities, forming the majority of outbreaks. Nosocomial settings set ideal environments for ease of transmission, especially due to the presence of immunocompromised groups. It is estimated to cost global economies around 48 pound billion a year, making it a global issue. NoV is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and infection with it results in asymptomatic cases or gastrointestinal disease. It has high mutational rates and this allows for new variants to emerge and be more resistant. The classification system available divides NoV into 10 genogroups and 49 genotypes based on whole amino acid sequencing of VP1 capsid protein and partial sequencing of RdRp, respectively. The most predominant genotypes which cause gastroenteritis in humans include GI.1 and GII.4, where GII.4 is responsible for more extreme clinical implications such as hospitalisation. In addition, GII.4 has been responsible for 6 pandemic strains, the last of which is the GII.4 Sydney (2012) variant. In recent years, the successful cultivation of HuNoV was reported in stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroids (HIEs), which promises to assist in giving a deeper understanding of its underlying mechanisms of infection and the development of more personalized control measures. There are no specific control measures against NoV, therefore common practices are used against it such as hand washing. No vaccine is available, but the HIL-214 candidate passed clinical phase 2b and shows promise.

作者

我是这篇论文的作者
点击您的名字以认领此论文并将其添加到您的个人资料中。

评论

主要评分

4.6
评分不足

次要评分

新颖性
-
重要性
-
科学严谨性
-
评价这篇论文

推荐

暂无数据
暂无数据