Six Decades of Hindsight Into Yesa Reservoir (Central Spanish Pyrenees): River Flow Dwindles as Vegetation Cover Increases and Mediterranean Atmospheric Dynamics Take Control

River discharge has experienced diverse changes in the last decades due to modification of hydrological patterns, anthropogenic intervention, re-vegetation or annual and interannual climatic and atmospheric fluctuations. Assessing the recent changes in river discharge and understanding the main drivers of these changes is thus extremely important from theoretical and applied points of view. More specifically, here we want to draw attention toward the impacts of streamflow changes on reservoir storage and operation. We describe the hydrological dynamics of the Yesa reservoir draining catchment, located in the central Spanish Pyrenees, and characterize the reservoir operation modes over the last 60 years (1956-2020). We analyze concurrent climatic (precipitation, air temperature, drought index), atmospheric mechanisms, land cover (Normalized Different Vegetation Index) and discharge (inlet and outlet of Yesa reservoir) time-series. By using the wavelet transform methodology, we detect historical breakpoints in the hydrological dynamics at different time-scales. Distinctive periods are thus identified. More regular seasonal flows characterized the catchment's dynamics during the first decades of the study period, while the last decades were characterized by a high inter-annual variability. These changes are primarily attributed to the natural re-vegetation process that the catchment experienced. Furthermore, we related changes in atmospheric circulation with a decline of the long-term discharge temporal features. This research contributes to the understanding of long-term river discharge changes and helps to improve the reservoir management practices.

Automated summary

River discharge has undergone diverse changes in recent decades due to various factors, such as modification of hydrological patterns, human intervention, re-vegetation, and climatic fluctuations. Understanding these changes and their drivers is crucial for theoretical and practical purposes. This study focuses on the impact of streamflow changes on reservoir storage and operation in the Yesa reservoir draining catchment in the Spanish Pyrenees. By analyzing various time-series data, including climate, land cover, and discharge, the study identifies distinctive periods of hydrological dynamics and attributes the changes to natural re-vegetation and atmospheric circulation.