The distinct morphologic signature of underplating and seamounts in accretionary prisms, insights from thermomechanical modeling applied to Coastal Iranian Makran

The active structures of the Iranian Makran, especially the presence of normal faults, vary laterally in the upper plate of the subduction zone, and their relationship with the deep duplexes and seamounts at depth remains unknown due to poor coverage of data onshore. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between deep structures and the topographic slope using thermo-mechanical simulations. The initial and boundary conditions of the models, including basal heat flux and convergence rate, are calibrated using the depth of the seafloor, bottom seafloor reflectors and the few available well temperature. We specifically test the influence of seamount subduction and thermally controlled changes in rock strength and de ' collement on the relationship between topography and deep tectonic structures. The inclusion of the brittle-ductile transition and dehydration reactions like the smectite-illite transition produce the three slope segments observed in the Makran accretionary prism. The three segments correspond to a regular accretionary prism, a flat segment that marks the smectite-illite transition, and a rise in topography located above the zone where the tegument reaches its temperature-controlled brittle-ductile transition causing underplating. Nevertheless, the models show that neither the decrease in friction associated with dehydration nor the onset of underplating is sufficient for the observed normal faults to arise in a self-consistent manner from the simulations. Crustal-scale normal faults only emerge in simulations that include subduction of a large seamount. These simulations also produce a large-thrust-slice that is the scar of former subducting seamount and serves as a buttress for the formation of a new imbricated zone. Using offshore seismic reflection data, the published onshore tomographic profiles, and our thermo-mechanical simulations, we propose two onshore-offshore cross-sections of the Iranian Makran accretionary prism.

Automated summary

This study investigates the relationship between deep structures and topographic slope using thermo-mechanical simulations. The results show that seamount subduction, changes in rock strength, and dehydration reactions significantly affect the topography and tectonic structures. The study proposes two onshore-offshore cross-sections of the Iranian Makran accretionary prism.