Heterogeneous changes of chemical compositions, sources and health risks of PM2.5 with the Clean Heating policy at urban/suburban/industrial sites

China has enacted the Clean Heating (CH) policy in north China. The domain-specific impacts on PM2.5 constituents and sources in small cities are still lacking, which obstruct the further policy optimization. Here, we performed an intensive observation covering the heating period (HP) and pre-heating period (PHP) in winter of 2017 at urban (UR), industrial (IS), and suburban (SUR) sites in one of the 2 + 26 cities. The mean PM2.5 concentrations at UR and IS decreased by 15.2 % and 4.6 %, while increased by 9.8 % at SUR in the HP compared with the PHP, indicating the heterogeneous responses. The lowest contribution percentages of coal combustion (14.6 %) and industrial emissions (17.1 %) to PM2.5 at UR in the HP implied the CH policy played more effective role. The most increase in NO3-/SO42- ratio by 26.8% and the highest NO3- concentration at UR in the HP were linked mainly with the thermal-NOx emitted from natural gas (NG) burning in view of NOx emission reductions from other sources. The highest concentrations of OC, SO42-, K+, and Cl-, and contribution percentages of biomass burning (20.0 %) and coal combustion (24.8 %) to PM2.5 at SUR in the HP evidenced the enhanced usage of biomass/coal. Coal banning in the HP at IS and UR led to the obvious decreases in OC, SO42-, As, and Sb. Secondary nitrate became the largest PM2.5 source at IS and UR in the HP. Coal banning, emission control on large-size enterprises and ignored control on small-size enterprises efficiently modified the concentrations and health risks of heavy metals. The lowest carcinogenic risks moved from SUR in the PHP to UR in the HP. The policies on de-NOx of NG-burning related enterprises, reduction of biomass/coal usage in suburban area, and strict regulation of small-size enterprises were urgently need to further improve the air quality.

Automated summary

This study investigates the impacts of PM2.5 constituents and sources during the heating and pre-heating periods in a small city in North China. The results indicate that the Clean Heating policy is more effective in urban areas, while natural gas combustion leads to increased nitrogen oxide emissions. The usage of biomass and coal contributes to higher PM2.5 concentrations in suburban areas. Banning coal and implementing emission control measures reduce heavy metal concentrations and health risks.