期刊
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
卷 853, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158545
关键词
Hydrophilic cyanotoxins; Paralytic shellfish toxins; On-line SPE-HILIC-MS; Freshwater; Spatial distribution
资金
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [42176236, U2106205]
- Science & Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China [2018FY100200]
- Ministry of Science and Technology of People's Republic of China [2016YFC04007009]
This study developed a new method to detect hydrophilic cyanotoxins in freshwater and discovered the presence of various toxins in freshwater in China. The proposed method helps understand the pollution status of different cyanotoxins in water bodies.
Hydrophilic cyanotoxins (HCTs), such as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are highly toxic and toxin-producing algae are widely distributed worldwide. However, HCTs, especially PSTs, are rarely reported in freshwater due to analytical limitations. This may result in an underestimation of the ecological risks and health risks. This study developed a new method to detect ATX-a, CYN, and thirteen common PSTs in freshwater simultaneously by using off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limits of detection (LODs) of all targets were lower than 0.05 mu g/L, which could meet the regulatory requirements for monitoring of HCTs in drinking water in different countries and regions. To improve the detection sensitivities for trace PSTs, a method based on off-line SPE and on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS was established with LOD around 0.001 mu g/L. GTX1&4, GTX2&3, and GTX5 were detected in freshwater in China for the first time, highlighting that overall communities are facing potential risks of exposure to various PSTs in China. High concentrations of ATX-a and CYN were also detected in freshwater from Northern China. The proposed method helps to understand the pollution status of HCT in water bodies, especially during the non-algal bloom period.
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