Organic Pollutant Photodecomposition by Ag/KNbO3 Nanocomposites: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

Ag nanoparticles supported on well-defined perovskite orthorhombic KNbO3 nanowires are synthesized via facile photoreduction and systematically characterized by XRD, Raman, DRUV-vis, XPS, PL, TEM, HRTEM, and HAADF-STEM. The photoreactivity of Ag/KNbO3 nano composites as a function of Ag contents (0.4-2.8 wt %) is assessed toward aqueous rhodamine B degradation under UV and visible-light, respectively. It is found that the UV-induced photoreactivity initially increases and then decreases with increasing Ag contents. At an optimal Ag content (ca. 1.7 wt %), the greatest photoreactivity is achieved under UV light, with the photocatalytic reaction rate of 1.7 wt % Ag/KNbO3 exceeding that of pristine KNbO3 by a factor of ca. 13. In contrast, visible light-induced photoreactivity monotonically increases with increasing Ag contents in the range of 0.4-2.8 wt %. On the basis of the detected active species and intermediate products in the photocatalytic processes, conjugated structure cleavage and N-deethylation are revealed to be the respective predominant pathway under UV and visible-light illumination. To gain an insight into the observed photoreactivity, the electronic properties of Ag/KNbO3 have been investigated using spin-polarized DFT calculations. Herein, Ag extended adlayers (1-4 ML) on the slab models of KNbO3 (101) are employed to mimic large supported Ag nanoparticles. A Bader analysis of the electron density shows a small net charge transfer (ca. 0.1 e) from KNbO3 to Ag. The electron localization function of Ag/KNbO3 (101) illustrates that Ag adlayers with thickness larger than 2 ML are essentially metallic, and weak polarization occurs at the interface. In addition, the metallic Ag adlayers generate a continuum of Ag bandgap states, which play a key role in determining different Ag content-dependent behavior between UV and visible-light illumination.