Considerations into pharmacogenomics of COVID-19 pharmacotherapy: Hope, hype and reality

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Molnupiravir: A new candidate for COVID-19 treatment

Fariba Pourkarim et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the published literature on the mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, and clinical trials of molnupiravir in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.

PHARMACOLOGY RESEARCH & PERSPECTIVES (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Sotrovimab: First Approval

Young-A Heo

Summary: Sotrovimab is a monoclonal antibody targeted against SARS-CoV-2 for the treatment of COVID-19. It has received emergency use authorizations in multiple countries and full approval in the EU.

DRUGS (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Tixagevimab plus Cilgavimab: First Approval

Susan J. Keam

Summary: Tixagevimab + cilgavimab is a monoclonal antibody combination developed by AstraZeneca for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. It has been approved in the UK and EU for the prevention of COVID-19 in certain populations. Additionally, it has received Emergency Use Authorization from the US FDA.

DRUGS (2022)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

The Long View on COVID-19 Theranostics and Oral Antivirals: Living with Endemic Disease and Lessons from Molnupiravir

Anmar Al-Taie et al.

Summary: The innovation of therapeutics and diagnostics for COVID-19 oral antiviral drugs needs to consider various factors. Molnupiravir serves as a case study to explore new pathways for theranostic innovation. Regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical industry, and research funders play important roles in advancing the analysis of clinical trial data on oral antivirals to address the current lag in theranostic research.

OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY (2022)

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Letter Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Possible Role of ABCB1 in Lysosomal Accumulation of Azithromycin in COVID-19 Therapy

Jean-Michel Scherrmann

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19-Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results

Summary: The authors of the study reported the interim results of using four repurposed antiviral drugs (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The study showed that these drug regimens had little or no effect on overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and duration of hospital stay.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Virology

Crystal Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease in Complex with the Non-Covalent Inhibitor ML188

Gordon J. Lockbaum et al.

Summary: Viral proteases are crucial enzymes for the maturation of human pathogenic viruses, and ML188, a non-covalent inhibitor, shows more potency against SARS-CoV-2 M-pro. These non-covalent inhibitors play a critical role in the design of DAAs for treating COVID-19.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Hydroxychloroquine-mediated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry is attenuated by TMPRSS2

Tianling Ou et al.

Summary: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been shown to inhibit viral infection by targeting different pathways through which the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is activated. SARS-CoV-2 relies more on the TMPRSS2 pathway for entry, while the presence of a furin-cleavage site in its spike protein further complicates the treatment with hydroxychloroquine alone. Combining hydroxychloroquine with a TMPRSS2 inhibitor may provide a more effective strategy to block SARS-CoV-2 infection.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Caution required with use of ritonavir-boosted PF-07321332 in COVID-19 management

Joseph Heskin et al.

LANCET (2021)

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Review Genetics & Heredity

Pharmacogenomics and COVID-19: clinical implications of human genome interactions with repurposed drugs

Osama A. Badary

Summary: The drugs used for COVID-19 treatment, such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin, interact with the human genome, affecting efficacy and adverse reactions.

PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

An oral SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor clinical candidate for the treatment of COVID-19

Dafydd R. Owen et al.

Summary: PF-07321332, an orally bioavailable SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor, has been discovered with in vitro pan-human coronavirus antiviral activity and excellent off-target selectivity and in vivo safety profiles. This new drug has shown promise in countering the threat of COVID-19 with its oral activity and safety in clinical trials.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Virology

Pharmacogenetics Approach for the Improvement of COVID-19 Treatment

Ingrid Fricke-Galindo et al.

Summary: The article discusses the pharmacogenetic variants for drugs used in COVID-19 treatment and mentions the importance of considering other factors in the design of pharmacogenetic studies. Variants in genes like CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C8, CY2D6, ABCB1, ABCC2, and SLCO1B1 are suggested for inclusion in pharmacogenetic studies for COVID-19 treatment, along with non-genetic factors like drug-drug interactions and inflammation for personalized therapy.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Virology

Developing a direct acting, orally available antiviral agent in a pandemic: the evolution of molnupiravir as a potential treatment for COVID-19

George R. Painter et al.

Summary: Although vaccines are available, there is still a critical need for antiviral drugs with potent activity against SARS-CoV-2, especially for immunosuppressed individuals and emerging variants. Molnupiravir evolved from preclinical development for influenza to a potential COVID-19 treatment, with the development timeline accelerated significantly to focus on coronavirus infections. Collaboration with regulatory authorities in real time played a key role in expediting the program.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Relationship between xanthine oxidase gene polymorphisms and anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury in a Chinese population

Xin Ai et al.

Summary: This study investigated the association between xanthine oxidase polymorphisms and susceptibility to anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ATDILI) in the Chinese population. While no significant differences were found in allele and genotype frequencies between cases and controls, carriers of the GGGATA haplotype were shown to have a significantly higher risk of ATDILI. This suggests that the GGGATA haplotype, composed of mutant alleles rs206812 and rs7575607, may contribute to susceptibility to ATDILI in Chinese individuals.

INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Subcutaneous REGEN-COV Antibody Combination to Prevent Covid-19

M. P. O'Brien et al.

Summary: The study indicates that subcutaneous REGEN-COV can effectively prevent severe Covid-19 and reduce the duration of symptoms in individuals at high risk for infection due to household exposure to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Real-life use of tocilizumab with or without corticosteroid in hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study

Gianluca Russo et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the effectiveness of Tocilizumab in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients hospitalized in two hospitals in Italy, showing that Tocilizumab (with or without corticosteroids) improved primary and secondary outcomes at both 14 and 28 days, with a more significant protective effect in more severe cases. Safety concerns were not observed.

PLOS ONE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Supervised Molecular Dynamics (SuMD) Insights into the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor PF-07321332

Matteo Pavan et al.

Summary: The chemical structure of the first orally available Covid-19 clinical candidate, PF-07321332, has been revealed by Pfizer. In this study, Supervised Molecular Dynamics (SuMD) simulations were used to elucidate the interaction between PF-07321332 and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, providing insights that may inspire the discovery of other potent and selective protease inhibitors.

JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Favipiravir and COVID-19: A Simplified Summary

Morteza Ghasemnejad-Berenji et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the clinical trials studying the efficacy and safety of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19, highlighting it as a potential treatment option for the novel coronavirus infection.

DRUG RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Standardizing CYP2D6 Genotype to Phenotype Translation: Consensus Recommendations from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium and Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group

Kelly E. Caudle et al.

CTS-CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections

Kimiyasu Shiraki et al.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2: Recent Reports on Antiviral Therapies Based on Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Darunavir/Umifenovir, Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Favipiravir and other Drugs for the Treatment of the New Coronavirus

Michele Costanzo et al.

CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 Genetic Variant rs12252-C Associated With Disease Severity in Coronavirus Disease 2019

Yonghong Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: An evaluation of the evidence

Yu-chen Cao et al.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19-Final Report

John H. Beigel et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Editorial Material Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Intracellular ABCB1 as a Possible Mechanism to Explain the Synergistic Effect of Hydroxychloroquine-Azithromycin Combination in COVID-19 Therapy

J. M. Scherrmann

AAPS JOURNAL (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Important Pharmacogenetic Information for Drugs Prescribed During the SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19)

Pablo Zubiaur et al.

CTS-CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pharmacogenomics of Antibiotics

Gabriele Stocco et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Anakinra treatment in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a prospective cohort study

Emma J. Kooistra et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Interferons in the Therapy of Severe Coronavirus Infections: A Critical Analysis and Recollection of a Forgotten Therapeutic Regimen with Interferon Beta

Josef Brzoska et al.

DRUG RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Association of SLC15A1 polymorphisms with susceptibility to dyslipidaemia in a Chinese Han population

Shu Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY AND THERAPEUTICS (2019)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for UGT1A1 and Atazanavir Prescribing

R. S. Gammal et al.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2016)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A European Spectrum of Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers: Implications for Clinical Pharmacogenomics

Clint Mizzi et al.

PLOS ONE (2016)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Functional Gene Variants of CYP3A4

A. N. Werk et al.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2014)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Interethnic variability of CYP2D6 alleles and of predicted and measured metabolic phenotypes across world populations

Adrian LLerena et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG METABOLISM & TOXICOLOGY (2014)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Impact of Genetic Variation in OATP Transporters to Drug Disposition and Response

Inna Y. Gong et al.

DRUG METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS (2013)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: Regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation

Ulrich M. Zanger et al.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2013)

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Article Psychiatry

Complexities of CYP2D6 gene analysis and interpretation

Andrea Gaedigk

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY (2013)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The Impact of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Human Aldehyde Oxidase

Tobias Hartmann et al.

DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION (2012)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Very important pharmacogene summary: ABCB1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein)

Laura M. Hodges et al.

PHARMACOGENETICS AND GENOMICS (2011)

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Review Genetics & Heredity

An update on ABCB1 pharmacogenetics: insights from a 3D model into the location and evolutionary conservation of residues corresponding to SNPs associated with drug pharmacokinetics

S. J. Wolf et al.

PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL (2011)

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Article Immunology

Change to atazanavir/ritonavir treatment improves lipids but not endothelial function in patients on stable antiretroviral therapy

Robert L. Murphy et al.

AIDS (2010)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Functional mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene variation influences the cortisol awakening response after dexamethasone

Nienke van Leeuwen et al.

PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY (2010)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Activation of the Antiviral Prodrug Oseltamivir Is Impaired by Two Newly Identified Carboxylesterase 1 Variants

Hao-Jie Zhu et al.

DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION (2009)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Human Glucocorticoid Receptor α Gene (NR3C1) Pharmacogenomics: Gene Resequencing and Functional Genomics

Nifang Niu et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM (2009)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Influence of ABCB1 gene polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin among healthy Chinese Han ethnic subjects

Xiao-Jing He et al.

PHARMACOLOGICAL REPORTS (2009)

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Article Immunology

Genetic polymorphisms differently influencing the emergence of atrophy and fat accumulation in HIV-related lipodystrophy

Barbara Zanone Poma et al.

AIDS (2008)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Tocilizumab: The first interleukin-6-receptor inhibitor

Anthony Sebba

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH-SYSTEM PHARMACY (2008)

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Article Biology

ABCB1 C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus patients

T. P. Gonzalez et al.

BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2008)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

IL-1β (+3954C/T) polymorphism could protect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) against lipodystrophic syndrome

Victor Asensi et al.

GENETICS IN MEDICINE (2008)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Interferons at age 50: past, current and future impact on biomedicine

Ernest C. Borden et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2007)

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Article Neurosciences

Sex specific associations between common glucocorticoid receptor gene variants and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to psychosocial stress

Robert Kumsta et al.

BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY (2007)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Evidence of a pharmacogenomic response to interleukin-I receptor antagonist in rheumatoid arthritis

NJ Camp et al.

GENES AND IMMUNITY (2005)

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Review Oncology

Anakinra - A review of its use in the management of rheumatoid arthritis

J Waugh et al.

BIODRUGS (2005)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Atazanavir for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection

AJ Busti et al.

PHARMACOTHERAPY (2004)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Frequency of C3435T single nucleotide MDR1 genetic polymorphism in an Asian population: phenotypic-genotypic correlates

C Balram et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2003)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Lopinavir/ritonavir - A review of its use in the management of HIV infection

RS Cvetkovic et al.

DRUGS (2003)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Down-regulation of human CYP3A4 by the inflammatory signal interleukin 6:: molecular mechanism and transcription factors involved

R Jover et al.

FASEB JOURNAL (2002)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Oseltamivir - A review of its use in influenza

K McClellan et al.

DRUGS (2001)

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Considerations into pharmacogenomics of COVID-19 pharmacotherapy: Hope, hype and reality

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