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Article
Microbiology
Alba Escalera et al.
Summary: This study characterized the spike polymorphisms of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and investigated their impact on transmissibility and virus pathogenicity. The findings showed that specific substitutions enhance viral replication and spike protein cleavage, leading to increased transmission efficiency in infection models and human airway systems.
CELL HOST & MICROBE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bo Meng et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has a higher affinity for ACE2 and can evade neutralizing antibodies more effectively compared to the Delta variant. A third dose of mRNA vaccine can provide enhanced protection. Omicron has lower replication in lung and gut cells and less efficiently cleaves its spike protein compared to Delta.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Huiping Shuai et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 shows reduced replication ability in human cells and attenuated pathogenicity in mice compared with the wild-type strain and other variants. It has lower efficiency in using TMPRSS2 and causes the lowest reduction in body weight and mortality rate among the tested strains.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sarah Temmam et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2-like bat viruses that are potentially infectious for humans circulate in Rhinolophus spp. in the Indochinese peninsula, and they can enter human cells through the hACE2 pathway, indicating the need for further understanding of the origin of the epidemic.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lucy G. Thorne et al.
Summary: The Alpha variant of SARS-CoV-2 effectively suppresses innate immune responses in airway epithelial cells compared to first-wave isolates, possibly due to increased expression of specific viral antagonist proteins. This enhanced innate immune suppression may increase the likelihood of successful transmission of the Alpha variant and potentially impact in vivo replication and infection duration. Mutations outside the spike coding region, such as those observed in the N and Orf9b regulatory regions, play a crucial role in the adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 variants to humans.
Review
Immunology
Michael S. Diamond et al.
Summary: Kanneganti and Diamond review the crucial role of innate immunity in controlling and immunopathology of COVID-19. They discuss how the innate immune system detects and responds to SARS-CoV-2, which can help identify targeted therapeutic approaches to mitigate severe diseases and improve patient outcomes.
Review
Cell Biology
Cody B. Jackson et al.
Summary: The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is facilitated by the interaction between the viral spike protein and ACE2, leading to virus-cell membrane fusion, which has been extensively studied at the structural and cellular levels worldwide. This understanding has paved the way for the development of effective vaccines in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the infection with SARS-CoV-2.
NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Rayhane Nchioua et al.
Summary: It has been found that the current variants of SARS-CoV-2, including the Omicron variant, depend on IFITM proteins, especially IFITM2, for efficient replication. Depletion of endogenous IFITM2 expression significantly prevents productive infection of these variants in human lung cells. This highlights the crucial role of IFITMs in viral transmission and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Virology
Maria Jose Lista et al.
Summary: Accumulating evidence suggests that variants of concern (VOC) of SARS-CoV-2 evolve to evade the human immune response, with much interest focused on spike protein mutations that escape from antibodies. However, resistance to the innate immune response is crucial for viral replication and transmission efficiency.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kejun Guo et al.
Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with enhanced resistance to interferons suggests that evasion of innate immunity may be a driving force in the evolution of the virus.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Brian J. Willett et al.
Summary: Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are vital in combating COVID-19, but the emergence of the Omicron variant poses a threat to this strategy. Studies have shown that the Omicron variant evades neutralization by sera from individuals vaccinated with different vaccines and reduces real-world vaccine effectiveness, although booster vaccination can partially restore its effectiveness. Additionally, the Omicron variant exhibits distinct cell entry pathways and phenotypes, which may contribute to its rapid global spread and altered pathogenicity.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qi Yang et al.
Summary: N-linked glycans on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein play a critical role in viral function and infectivity, making them potential drug targets for COVID-19.
Letter
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaohong Du et al.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jessica A. Plante et al.
Summary: The D614G substitution in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances viral replication and infectivity in human lung epithelial cells, primary airway tissues, and hamsters. This variant may increase transmission in the upper respiratory tract and doesn't seem to significantly reduce vaccine efficacy. Further research on therapeutic antibodies targeting the circulating G614 virus is recommended.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Erik Volz et al.
Summary: The study suggests a positive selection for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variant D614G in the UK, but no evidence of differences in COVID-19 mortality or clinical severity in patients infected with this variant. 614G is associated with higher viral load and younger age of patients compared to 614D.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Guoli Shi et al.
Summary: The study reveals that some IFITMs can restrict SARS-CoV-2 infections while others enhance infections, with IFITM3 showing new antiviral mechanisms involving amphipathic helix and endocytosis-promoting motif. These findings provide insights into the dual roles of IFITM3 in enhancing viral infection at the plasma membrane and restricting endosomal SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maaran Michael Rajah et al.
Summary: Severe cases of COVID-19 are associated with lung abnormalities, notably the presence of syncytial pneumocytes. New variants of the virus, such as Alpha and Beta, have shown an increased ability to form larger and more numerous syncytia compared to the ancestral strain D614G. The spike proteins of these variants also display higher affinity for the ACE2 receptor and can be inhibited by interferon-induced transmembrane proteins. Individual mutations in the spike proteins affect fusogenicity, ACE2 binding, and recognition by monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, the Delta variant spike protein has been found to trigger faster fusion than the D614G strain, indicating an enhanced syncytia formation capability in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Bryan A. Johnson et al.
Summary: The genetic mutation in SARS-CoV-2 resulted in better fitness in some cells but lower replication capacity in human respiratory cell lines. Despite reducing disease symptoms, the Delta PRRA mutant provided protection against rechallenge with the wildtype SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Cell Biology
Sophie M-C Gobeil et al.
Summary: The study found that the mutation variant G614 of SARS-CoV-2 leads to significant changes in the protein structure, resulting in altered positioning ratio of RBD, which may have implications for vaccine design.
Article
Microbiology
Guido Papa et al.
Summary: Research suggests that furin plays a promoting role in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and cell-cell spread, but it is not essential, indicating that furin inhibitors may reduce but not completely prevent viral spread.
Article
Virology
Helena Winstone et al.
Summary: The presence of a polybasic cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 allows the virus to enter cells in a pH-independent manner, mitigating against IFITM-mediated restriction and promoting replication and transmission. Targeted depletion of IFITM2 expression alleviates potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication by type I IFNs. Therapeutic strategies targeting furin-mediated cleavage of the spike protein may reduce viral replication through the activity of type I IFNs.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Chloe Rees-Spear et al.
Summary: The study found that emerging variants of the coronavirus may lead to reduced neutralization by antibodies induced by vaccines or previous infection, but some samples still retain effectiveness. This highlights the importance of real-time monitoring of emerging mutations and their impact on vaccine efficacy.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Laura Martin-Sancho et al.
Summary: This study identified specific ISGs that control viral replication and assembly/release of SARS-CoV-2, including BST2/tetherin, offering insights into host determinants impacting disease severity and potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jun Zhang et al.
Summary: Substitution of aspartic acid (D) with glycine (G) at position 614 in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 enhances viral spread. Cryo-electron microscopy structures reveal that the G614 strain has increased infectivity compared to the D614 strain. These findings provide insights for vaccine development and understanding viral entry mechanisms.
Article
Microbiology
Thomas P. Peacock et al.
Summary: Efficient transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among infected ferrets is dependent on a functional furin cleavage site in the spike protein. The virus has a selective advantage in lung cells and primary human airway epithelial cells due to a polybasic insertion, but replication may be impaired in certain cell lines.
NATURE MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lucy G. Thorne et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to broad-spectrum immunopathological diseases, exacerbated by inflammatory co-morbidities. Research shows that the virus replicates rapidly in lung epithelial cells and triggers a robust innate immune response, affecting macrophage activation through inflammatory mediators produced during infection. Further exacerbation of the local inflammatory environment occurs when macrophages or epithelial cells are primed with exogenous inflammatory stimuli.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jana Koch et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through two mutually exclusive pathways depending on the presence of TMPRSS2 protease. In the presence of TMPRSS2, the virus swiftly enters through the plasma membrane in a pH-independent manner; while in the absence of TMPRSS2, the virus is endocytosed and enters the cytosol post-infection.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Caterina Prelli Bozzo et al.
Summary: IFITM proteins can restrict viral pathogens, but they also support efficient infection of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with IFITMs and hijacks them for viral infection, making IFITM proteins potential therapeutic targets for inhibiting virus entry and replication.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Petra Mlcochova et al.
Summary: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2 has lower sensitivity to antibodies and higher replication efficiency compared to other lineages, which may contribute to its dominance and reduced vaccine effectiveness, highlighting the need for continued infection control measures post-vaccination.
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Carly G. K. Ziegler et al.
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Xiuyuan Ou et al.
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Julian Buchrieser et al.
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Elisabeth Braun et al.
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Cell & Tissue Engineering
Carolina Petrillo et al.
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Toshana L. Foster et al.
Cell Host & Microbe
(2016)
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Christian Krapp et al.
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(2016)
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Jean Kaoru Millet et al.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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Biochemical Research Methods
Massimo Pizzato et al.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS
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