4.8 Review

Potential abiotic stress targets for modern genetic manipulation

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Breeding crops for drought-affected environments and improved climate resilience

Mark Cooper et al.

Summary: We reviewed different breeding methods for enhancing drought resistance in crops. Breeding climate-resilient crops with improved abiotic and biotic stress resistance is both an opportunity and a challenge in response to climate change. By utilizing the breeder's equation framework, we analyzed methods and strategies that have been successful in breeding crops with improved drought resistance in environments that are a mix of drought-affected and favorable conditions. Integration of traits information across different scales is crucial for accurately predicting crop yield outcomes within current and future environments. This will require interdisciplinary teams to explore and exploit innovative opportunities to speed up breeding program outcomes, including improved germplasm resources and cultivars suitable for specific local environments.

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Article Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

Substantial increase of compound droughts and heatwaves in wheat growing seasons worldwide

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Summary: Droughts and heatwaves, the most harmful climatic threats to global wheat production, are increasingly occurring simultaneously within wheat growing seasons, leading to significant impacts on yield. This study investigated the spatiotemporal changes of compound drought and heatwave events (CDHEs) occurring within wheat growing seasons over global wheat-producing areas. The results showed that CDHEs had rapidly expanded spatially during the studied period, with increased frequency and duration. Europe, eastern China, western US, and northern Argentina were identified as hotspots with the largest contradiction between the increasing CDHEs and wheat production, highlighting the urgency for spatially targeted adaptation measures.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mechanisms of Abscisic Acid-Mediated Drought Stress Responses in Plants

Mehtab Muhammad Aslam et al.

Summary: Drought is a major constraint to rain-fed agricultural production, and understanding the mechanisms of ABA-mediated drought responses in plants is critical for ensuring crop yield and global food security. This review highlights the regulation of ABA perception, transcriptional levels of ABA- and drought-related genes, and metabolic pathways to alter drought stress responses in plants.

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Article Plant Sciences

Wheat respiratory O2 consumption falls with night warming alongside greater respiratory CO2 loss and reduced biomass

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JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY (2022)

Article Plant Sciences

Selection for early shoot vigour in wheat increases root hair length but reduces epidermal cell size of roots and leaves

Pieter-Willem Hendriks et al.

Summary: The selection for early shoot vigour in wheat is associated with increased root hair length and changes to cell size in roots and shoots. Six cycles of recurrent selection for early shoot vigour in wheat resulted in significant increases in leaf width and shoot biomass. Increased shoot vigour was associated with greater root biomass, larger rhizosheath size, and longer root hairs.

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Nanoparticle cellular internalization is not required for RNA delivery to mature plant leaves

Huan Zhang et al.

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NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2022)

Article Plant Sciences

Plants utilise ancient conserved peptide upstream open reading frames in stress-responsive translational regulation

Barry Causier et al.

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Article Agronomy

Competitiveness of Early Vigour Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes Is Established at Early Growth Stages

Pieter-Willem Hendriks et al.

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Review Plant Sciences

State-of-the-Art in CRISPR Technology and Engineering Drought, Salinity, and Thermo-tolerant crop plants

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Summary: The review highlights the principles and functional importance of CRISPR-Cas9 in plant genome editing, emphasizing recent advancements like CRISPR-Cpf1, base editing, and prime editing. These technologies have the potential to improve stress tolerance in crops, essential for enhancing food security and agricultural practices globally.

PLANT CELL REPORTS (2022)

Article Agricultural Economics & Policy

Farmers' attitude toward CRISPR/Cas9: The case of blast resistant rice

Linda Ferrari

Summary: The study found that Italian farmers are generally open to and positive about CRISPR/Cas9-modified rice, with factors such as subjective knowledge, practice experience, and perceived risk impacting their attitudes towards the technology. Additionally, the locus of control (LOC) plays a significant role in shaping farmers' attitudes towards CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The results suggest a need for revisions in current European Union policies on GM crops to meet farmers' needs.

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Review Cell Biology

Surviving and thriving: How plants perceive and respond to temperature stress

Yanglin Ding et al.

Summary: Temperature fluctuations caused by climate change inhibit plant growth and threaten crop productivity. Understanding how plants defend against temperature stress is crucial for agricultural sustainability and food security.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2022)

Article Plant Sciences

An update on precision genome editing by homology-directed repair in plants

Jilin Chen et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the latest developments in CRISPR/Cas-mediated homology-directed repair technology for plants, highlighting significant achievements in crop improvement. It describes various strategies to enhance repair efficiency, as well as the challenges and open questions in precision genome editing for both plant biological research and crop improvement.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Article Environmental Sciences

Novel wheat varieties facilitate deep sowing to beat the heat of changing climates

Zhigan Zhao et al.

Summary: Global warming and unreliable rainfall pose threats to wheat yields, but deep sowing and improved genotypes can increase wheat production. Research shows that wheat genotypes with improved genes can adapt to climate change by deep sowing, and this improvement has positive effects on increasing yields in both Australia and other dryland wheat production regions globally.

NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The challenge of unprecedented floods and droughts in risk management

Heidi Kreibich et al.

Summary: Risk management can reduce the impacts of floods and droughts, but faces difficulties in managing unprecedented events of a greater magnitude. Improved risk management and integrated management can help lower the impacts of more hazardous events.

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Article Food Science & Technology

GMOs in Africa: Status, adoption and public acceptance

Lanre Anthony Gbadegesin et al.

Summary: Genetically modified (GM) crops contribute to global food security by increasing crop yield, quality, and shelflife. However, Africa, a continent facing malnutrition, food crises, and inadequate food production technologies, has been slow to accept GM crops. To address this issue, biosecurity regulations are necessary to monitor the safety of GM crops. Efforts to improve GM adoption in Africa should include monitoring systems, science-based policies, political will, and public education.

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics identified biological processes and metabolic pathways involved in heat stress response in jojoba

Lamei Zheng et al.

Summary: This study investigated the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms associated with heat stress response in jojoba leaves using a combination of physiological and multi-omics techniques. The results showed that protein folding and sorting, photosynthesis, signal pathways, ROS scavenging, energy metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism were closely related to the heat stress response of jojoba. Metabolomics analysis identified significant changes in the content of certain metabolites under heat stress. Multi-omics analysis revealed the important roles of soluble sugars and amino acids in maintaining osmotic balance and alleviating heat stress-induced damage.

INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS (2022)

Review Soil Science

Climate change impacts on soil salinity in agricultural areas

Dennis L. Corwin

Summary: Changes in climate patterns are negatively impacting agriculture, especially in arid regions. Proximal/remote sensors are useful in assessing the impact of climate change on soil salinity across scales. Factors such as salt-water intrusion, shallow water tables, and degraded water reuse will lead to increased soil salinity. There is a need for infrastructure and protocols to monitor soil salinity across multiple scales.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

GWAS reveals consistent QTL for drought and salt tolerance in a MAGIC population of 550 lines derived from intermating of 11 Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) parents

Abdelraheem Abdelraheem et al.

Summary: This study utilized a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross population to identify QTL for drought and salt tolerance in cotton. It found candidate genes related to abiotic stress tolerance in Upland cotton. Common genetic basis for drought and salt tolerance was observed between DT and ST.

MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

CRISPR/Cas9-based precise excision of SlHyPRP1 domain(s) to obtain salt stress-tolerant tomato

Mil Thi Tran et al.

Summary: CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to precisely edit the protein domains of tomato hybrid proline-rich protein 1 (HyPRP1), resulting in increased salt tolerance. This gene editing approach may be an efficient tool for engineering multidomain proteins of important food crops to adapt to global climate changes for sustainable agriculture and future food security.

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Plant aquaporins alleviate drought tolerance in plants by modulating cellular biochemistry, root-architecture, and photosynthesis

Jaykumar Patel et al.

Summary: Water is a crucial resource for plant growth and development, but changes in climate, especially increased drought frequency and severity, have impacted agricultural productivity worldwide. Aquaporins, membrane channels in plants, play a vital role in regulating cellular water balance and osmotic homeostasis. Research has shown that aquaporins have significant effects on root structure, water uptake, photosynthesis, and other physiological processes in plants under water deficit conditions.

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Crop adaptation to climate change as a consequence of long-term breeding

Rod J. Snowdon et al.

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Gene Mapping, Cloning and Association Analysis for Salt Tolerance in Rice

Xiaoru Fan et al.

Summary: Soil salinization caused by sodium accumulation can harm rice yield and quality. Studying salt tolerance genes and their mechanisms can aid breeders in enhancing rice's ability to withstand salt stress. Through QTL mapping and other methods, researchers can gain insights into the genetic basis of rice salt tolerance.

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Evidence of shorter more extreme rainfalls and increased flood variability under climate change

Conrad Wasko et al.

Summary: Increases in extreme rainfall intensities due to climate change may lead to increased risk of pluvial flooding, especially in urban areas. However, these increases in extreme rainfall do not always result in universal increases in flooding, and the trends vary across different regions. The study finds that while rainfall intensity is intensifying, the magnitude of frequent floods is generally decreasing, particularly in tropical and arid regions, while the magnitude of rarer floods is increasing.

JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY (2021)

Review Plant Sciences

Adaptable and Multifunctional Ion-Conducting Aquaporins

Stephen D. Tyerman et al.

Summary: Aquaporins have various functions in plants, including as water and neutral solute channels, signaling hubs, and disease virulence factors. They show differences compared to animal aquaporins in terms of ion transportation, potentially playing important roles in different membranes. The permeability of aquaporins can span a wide range, requiring tight regulation through protein interactions and posttranslational modifications.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY, VOL 72, 2021 (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

To exclude or to accumulate? Revealing the role of the sodium HKT1;5 transporter in plant adaptive responses to varying soil salinity

Gayatri Venkataraman et al.

Summary: Agricultural areas in arid/semi-arid and coastal regions are vulnerable to soil salinity caused by climate change. The complex trait of salinity tolerance in plants is influenced by transporter genes, with HKT transporters playing a critical role in maintaining K+ and Na+ homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that HKT1;5 alleles have a strong genetic association with sodium accumulation in plants, impacting salt tolerance levels.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology to advance CRISPR-Cas genetic engineering of plants

Gozde S. Demirer et al.

Summary: CRISPR-Cas genetic engineering of plants has great potential in providing food security, combating crop stresses caused by climate change, and environmental remediation. Nanotechnology can address challenges in plant genetic editing and offer solutions for improvement.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Plant Sciences

Deciphering the genetic basis of wheat seminal root anatomy uncovers ancestral axial conductance alleles

Elisha Hendel et al.

Summary: Research findings suggest that lower wheat root axial conductance can increase yields under terminal drought, with multiple QTL associated with root architectural and functional traits identified through genetic studies. The potential of harnessing wild alleles for reshaping the wheat root system to enhance adaptability is highlighted.

PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT (2021)

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Climate change reduces frost exposure for high-value California orchard crops

Lauren Parker et al.

Summary: The study found that frost exposure in California's agricultural regions decreased by an average of 63% by the mid-21st century, with significant reductions in almond and orange acreage (50-75%) and avocado acreage (>75%). This led to reductions in water use and energy costs, with growers in the highest acreage counties potentially saving over 50,000 acre feet of water and $4.2 million in electricity costs per year.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT (2021)

Article Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Redefining the link between rainfall and crop establishment in dryland cropping systems

B. M. Flohr et al.

Summary: The study found that the seasonal rainfall events in southern Australia have spatial and seasonal variability. Adaptive strategies, such as using long-coleoptile, deep-sowing wheat cultivars, show promise for dealing with this climate shift, but careful consideration of soil factors is necessary for success.

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Article Biology

Expression of a CO2-permeable aquaporin enhances mesophyll conductance in the C4 species Setaria viridis

Maria Ermakova et al.

Summary: The study found that SiPIP2;7 from foxtail millet is a CO2-permeable aquaporin that enhances the diffusion of CO2 in C-4 photosynthesis.
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Lab-to-Field Transition of RNA Spray Applications - How Far Are We?

Aline Pereira Rank et al.

Summary: The global decline in biodiversity has led to increased demand for chemical pesticide-free plant production, prompting rapid advancements in RNAi technologies. GM crops and sprayable RNA biopesticides represent innovative, sustainable approaches to crop production, but face various challenges and limitations.

FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE (2021)

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Dynamic role of aquaporin transport system under drought stress in plants

S. M. Shivaraj et al.

Summary: Plants have evolved mechanisms to survive prolonged soil moisture deficit by modulating Aquaporins (AQPs) activity, including transcriptional and post-translational regulatory processes. Studies have shown differential expression of AQP subfamilies, with members of PIP and TIP showing significant expression under drought stress. Regulatory mechanisms such as transcription factors, hormones, and post-translational modifications play a role in controlling the abundance and activity of AQP proteins. Understanding these mechanisms can help improve crop plants for sustainable agriculture under changing environmental conditions.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY (2021)

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Severity of drought and heatwave crop losses tripled over the last five decades in Europe

Teresa Armada Bras et al.

Summary: The study shows that historical extreme weather disasters in Europe, such as droughts and heatwaves, have led to reduced cereal yields. Floods have a marginal impact on crop production. Over the past 50 years, the severity of heatwaves and droughts on European crop production has roughly tripled.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS (2021)

Article Forestry

Modelling the impact of climate change on the occurrence of frost damage in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) in Great Britain

A. A. Atucha-Zamkova et al.

Summary: Climate change is predicted to reduce the frequency of all frosts and backlashes, especially under higher emissions scenarios, while post-bud burst frosts remain rare in Great Britain. By using multiple climate models and indices to evaluate frost sensitivity in Sitka spruce, a better understanding of the impact of climate change on plants can be obtained. Regional climate models show geographic variability within GB and improve the prediction of overall trends in frost damage compared to global climate change models.

FORESTRY (2021)

Review Agronomy

Tackling G x E x M interactions to close on-farm yield-gaps: creating novel pathways for crop improvement by predicting contributions of genetics and management to crop productivity

Mark Cooper et al.

Summary: Climate change and Genotype-by-Environment-by-Management interactions pose challenges to crop improvement strategies, but also present opportunities for designing responsive strategies. Research into prediction methods for breeding and agronomy can help address these challenges and enhance on-farm crop productivity.

THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS (2021)

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Wheat root systems as a breeding target for climate resilience

Eric S. Ober et al.

Summary: Larger genetic gains in yield are needed to meet future demand, and improving root systems could enhance climate resilience. Understanding the genetic control of root initiation, growth, and development is crucial for breeders to navigate, but also offers opportunities for improvement. Focusing on root system architecture in wheat can help enhance crop improvement and food security.

THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS (2021)

Article Agronomy

A Comparison of Cereal and Cereal/Vetch Crops for Fodder Conservation

John W. Piltz et al.

Summary: Experiments conducted in southern New South Wales, Australia, evaluated agronomic and quality parameters of various cereal crops grown alone or in combination with Vicia benghalensis L. Yield varied between years due to rainfall, with Vicia inclusion increasing crude protein content but potentially causing lodging.

AGRICULTURE-BASEL (2021)

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Modelling the effects of climate change, agricultural inputs, cropping diversity, and environment on soil nitrogen and phosphorus: A case study in Saskatchewan, Canada

Taras E. Lychuk et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the impacts of climate change, agricultural inputs, crop diversity, and environment on soil nitrate-N and labile soil phosphorus using the EPIC model in Canada. Results showed that precipitation and cropping diversity significantly influenced NO3-N and P, with reduced inputs and diversified rotations helping to mitigate the effects of climate change on soil nutrients.

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Wheat grain yield decreased over the past 35 years, but protein content did not change

Arnold J. Bloom et al.

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JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY (2021)

Review Environmental Sciences

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Byomkesh Talukder et al.

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ERAD-related E2 and E3 enzymes modulate the drought response by regulating the stability of PIP2 aquaporins

Qian Chen et al.

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PLANT CELL (2021)

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Successes and insights of an industry biotech program to enhance maize agronomic traits

Carl R. Simmons et al.

Summary: Corteva AgriscienceTM conducted a discovery research program to identify biotech leads for improving maize Agronomic Traits, resulting in a diverse set of DNA cassette constructs involving approximately 1671 genes. Field testing of these transformed maize events from 2000 to 2018 demonstrated improved yield in elite maize breeding germplasm. At least 22 validated gene leads with diverse molecular and physiological functions were identified, providing insights for crop improvement in maize and potentially other crops.

PLANT SCIENCE (2021)

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Feature Review Addressing Research Bottlenecks to Crop Productivity

Matthew Reynolds et al.

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Weikai Yan

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Target Population of Environments for Wheat Breeding in India: Definition, Prediction and Genetic Gains

Leonardo Abdiel Crespo-Herrera et al.

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Chana Borjigin et al.

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FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY (2021)

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Kutubuddin A. Molla et al.

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MADS1 maintains barley spike morphology at high ambient temperatures

Gang Li et al.

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Lei Liu et al.

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Elizabeth A. Ainsworth et al.

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Stefano Torti et al.

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Late-spring frost risk between 1959 and 2017 decreased in North America but increased in Europe and Asia

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