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CGRP PHYSIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY, AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETS: MIGRAINE AND BEYOND

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Article Clinical Neurology

The PACAP pathway is independent of CGRP in mouse models of migraine: possible new drug target?

Charlotte Ernstsen et al.

Summary: Using in vivo and ex vivo models, the study shows that PACAP-38 can provoke migraine-like changes independently of CGRP and partially through K-ATP channels. The findings suggest that PACAP-38 antagonism could be a potential alternative therapeutic approach for patients non-responsive to CGRP-targeting therapies.
Article Clinical Neurology

Migraine evolution after the cessation of CGRP(-receptor) antibody prophylaxis: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study

Bianca Raffaelli et al.

Summary: The cessation of CGRP(-receptor) antibodies migraine prophylaxis led to a significant increase in migraine frequency and acute medication intake over time. However, by weeks 13-16, the monthly migraine days were not significantly different from baseline values.

CEPHALALGIA (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Salivary CGRP can monitor the different migraine phases: CGRP (in)dependent attacks

Alicia Alpuente et al.

Summary: This study found that salivary CGRP-LI levels were elevated in episodic migraine patients during interictal periods, and usually increased during migraine attacks in most patients. However, not every attack was CGRP-dependent, indicating potential differences in underlying pathophysiology and treatment response.

CEPHALALGIA (2022)

Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

The chicken and egg problem: CGRP release due to trigeminal activation or vice versa?

Karl Messlinger

CEPHALALGIA (2022)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide, Adrenomedullin, and Adrenomedullin 2 Function in Uterine Artery During Human Pregnancy

Madhu Chauhan et al.

Summary: This study found that the relaxation response of the uterine artery in pregnant women to CGRP, ADM, and ADM2 is increased compared to nonpregnant women. The increase in relaxation sensitivity is mediated by the NO system and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors. Additionally, the receptor system in smooth muscle cells of the uterine artery is adversely affected by vascular disruptors such as sFLT-1 and TNF-alpha.

ENDOCRINOLOGY (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Does wearing off of efficacy occur in galcanezumab-treated patients at the end of the monthly treatment cycle? Post hoc analyses of four phase III randomized trials

Jessica Ailani et al.

Summary: The study aims to determine if migraine patients experience a decrease in the efficacy of galcanezumab at the end of a treatment cycle. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the percentage of patients experiencing wearing off between galcanezumab and placebo treatment groups at the individual patient-level.

HEADACHE (2022)

Article Genetics & Heredity

Genome-wide analysis of 102,084 migraine cases identifies 123 risk loci and subtype-specific risk alleles

Heidi Hautakangas et al.

Summary: This study identified 123 susceptibility loci for migraine through genome-wide association analyses and implicated neurovascular mechanisms in its pathophysiology. Subtype analyses revealed risk loci specific for migraine with or without aura, as well as shared risk variants. The findings highlight the importance of both vascular and central nervous system tissue/cell types in the genetic underpinning of migraine.

NATURE GENETICS (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Patient-reported outcomes of migraine treatment with erenumab: results from a national patient survey

Austeja Dapkute et al.

Summary: Despite new therapies, migraine remains undertreated. This study investigates patients' experiences and preferences with erenumab for high frequency episodic and chronic migraine in Lithuania. Results showed that the majority of respondents found erenumab effective and experienced improvement within the first month. Erenumab significantly reduced migraine headache days and frequency, but some patients experienced wearing-off effects during treatment and migraine rebound after discontinuation. Constipation was the most common adverse event. Further research is needed to explore post-cessation deterioration of treatment effect.

NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2022)

Article Anesthesiology

Automated detection of squint as a sensitive assay of sex-dependent calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin-induced pain in mice

Brandon J. Rea et al.

Summary: This study developed an automated scanning measurement method for quantifying pain. The method was validated for measuring responses to formalin and calcitonin gene-related peptide stimulation and demonstrated gender differences. The results suggest that the automated scanning measurement method can provide more accurate and real-time pain analysis.
Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Schwann cell endosome CGRP signals elicit periorbital mechanical allodynia in mice

Francesco De Logu et al.

Summary: This study reveals that the CGRP-mediated neuronal/Schwann cell pathway mediates allodynia associated with neurogenic inflammation, contributing to the algesic action of CGRP in mice.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Review Physiology

Constipation Caused by Anti-calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Migraine Therapeutics Explained by Antagonism of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide's Motor-Stimulating and Prosecretory Function in the Intestine

Peter Holzer et al.

Summary: The development of small-molecule CGRP receptor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies targeting the CGRP system has revolutionized migraine management. However, constipation has been observed as a major adverse event in patients treated with these therapies. This review article investigates the mechanism behind CGRP inhibition-induced constipation.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Review Physiology

Alpha-Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide: New Therapeutic Strategies for the Treatment and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Migraine

Ambrish Kumar et al.

Summary: Alpha-CGRP plays an important role in cardiovascular disease and migraines. Knock-out studies have shown that α-CGRP deficiency leads to higher mortality rates and cardiac damage in heart failure, while administration of α-CGRP improves cardiac function and protects the heart. In migraines, α-CGRP antagonists can reduce headache symptoms. Both agonists and antagonists of α-CGRP have clinical relevance in treating cardiovascular disease and migraine pain.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Real-World Evidence for the Safety and Efficacy of CGRP Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Added to OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment for Migraine Prevention in Adult Patients With Chronic Migraine

Laszlo Mechtler et al.

Summary: This study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of combining onabotulinumtoxinA with CGRP mAbs for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine. The results showed that the combination treatment was effective in reducing monthly headache days and was safe and well-tolerated. Lack of insurance coverage was the most common reason for discontinuation of the treatment.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Neuroimmune regulatory networks of the airway mucosa in allergic inflammatory disease

E. Evonne Jean et al.

Summary: Communication between the nervous and immune systems at mucosal barrier sites, particularly the respiratory tract, plays a crucial role in protecting host immunity, sensing and responding to various stimuli to induce airway inflammation. Neuropeptides and neurotransmitters have been found to regulate immune cell responses and influence type 2 immunity in the airway.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Beyond CGRP: The calcitonin peptide family as targets for migraine and pain

Tayla A. Rees et al.

Summary: In addition to CGRP, calcitonin family peptides may be therapeutically useful in treating migraines and other pain disorders. Their localization in peripheral pain pathways could play a role in migraines and pain.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Biological and small molecule strategies in migraine therapy with relation to the calcitonin gene-related peptide family of peptides

Lars Edvinsson et al.

Summary: Migraine is a common neurological disorder affecting up to 15% of the global population. Recent pharmacological treatments targeting CGRP signaling molecules have provided safe and effective options for migraine patients, offering new hope for migraine therapy.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

CGRP receptor antagonists for migraine. Are they also AMY1 receptor antagonists?

Michael L. Garelja et al.

Summary: The development of drugs targeting the CGRP system has been a major breakthrough in migraine management. These drugs can be classified into antibodies and receptor antagonists, with receptor antagonists further divided into small molecule antagonists and antibody antagonists. While antagonists are most potent at the CGRP receptor, they may also show antagonism at the AMY(1) receptor, indicating the need for further research.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacological characterisation of mouse calcitonin and calcitonin receptor-like receptors reveals differences compared with human receptors

Michael L. Garelja et al.

Summary: The pharmacology of the mouse CLR/CTR and RAMPs receptors differs from that of humans, with mouse receptors showing reduced discrimination between ligands, posing challenges for interpreting data in preclinical models and translating findings from mice to humans. New ligands are needed to differentiate between these complexes.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Novel Macrocyclic Antagonists of the Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor: Design, Realization, and Structural Characterization of Protein-Ligand Complexes

Andrew D. Cansfield et al.

Summary: This study describes a series of macrocyclic calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists identified using structure-based design principles, exemplified by HTL0028016 and HTL0028125. The structural characterization of the interaction between two of the macrocycle antagonists and the CGRP receptor ectodomain using X-ray crystallography is presented, along with the structure-activity relationships associated with point changes to the macrocyclic antagonists. The identification of non-peptidic/natural product-derived, macrocyclic ligands for a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is noteworthy.

ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Activation of the trigeminal system as a likely target of SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to anosmia in COVID-19

Karl Messlinger et al.

Summary: Clinical publications consistently show that headache is a common and debilitating symptom in patients with COVID-19, often exhibiting migraine-like characteristics. Studies suggest that activation of the trigeminal nerve may contribute to both headache and anosmia in COVID-19 patients.

CEPHALALGIA (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Rapid resolution of migraine symptoms after initiating the preventive treatment eptinezumab during a migraine attack: results from the randomized RELIEF trial

Jessica Ailani et al.

Summary: Eptinezumab administered during a migraine attack resulted in early separation from placebo in terms of headache pain freedom/relief, absence of most bothersome symptom, absence of photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea. This suggests a potential peripheral pharmacological action for CGRP blockade.

BMC NEUROLOGY (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

The monoclonal CGRP-receptor blocking antibody erenumab has different effects on brainstem and cortical sensory-evoked responses

Francesco Casillo et al.

Summary: This study found that erenumab, in addition to its known peripheral effects, can induce central effects in the brainstem and later in the cortex. These results may be due to a direct effect on the central nervous system or an indirect effect secondary to peripheral drug modulation.

CEPHALALGIA (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Calcitonin receptor antibody validation and expression in the rodent brain

Erica R. Hendrikse et al.

Summary: This study examined the expression of the calcitonin receptor protein subunit in the rodent brain and found that it was present in several brain regions relevant to migraine. The findings suggest a potential link between the calcitonin gene-related peptide and migraine, but further research is needed to understand the functional consequences of calcitonin receptor expression.

CEPHALALGIA (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Excess neuropeptides in lung signal through endothelial cells to impair gas exchange

Jinhao Xu et al.

Summary: Excess neuropeptides derived from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells contribute to pulmonary manifestations including hypoxemia by affecting endothelial cell function, leading to lung fluid accumulation. Restricting neuropeptide function may improve fluid accumulation and gas exchange in these conditions.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists for the preventive treatment of migraine: A review

Jessica Barreto Ribeiro dos Santos et al.

Summary: This article reviews the chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and tolerability profile of small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists for the preventive treatment of migraine. The study finds that atogepant and rimegepant are effective and safe for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Review Clinical Neurology

The use of erenumab for migraine prophylaxis during pregnancy: A case report and narrative review

Sierra J. Vig et al.

Summary: This article reports a case of a woman who continued to use erenumab for migraine prophylaxis during pregnancy and reviews the limited pregnancy safety data for CGRP receptor and ligand-directed therapies approved for migraine prophylaxis. The findings highlight the lack of safety data regarding the use of these agents during pregnancy, despite their frequent use in women of childbearing potential.

HEADACHE (2022)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Myocardial perfusion recovery induced by an α-calcitonin gene-related peptide analogue

Simon Bentsen et al.

Summary: The study found that the CGRP analogue, SAX, has a cardioprotective effect in a rat model of myocardial infarction, improving myocardial perfusion recovery after chronic occlusion of the coronary artery.

JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY (2022)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Pharmacological, Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic and Physicochemical Characterization of FE 205030: A Potent, Fast Acting, Injectable CGRP Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Acute Episodic Migraine

Karthik Srinivasan et al.

Summary: The peptidic CGRP antagonist FE 205030 is a selective and potent drug with fast onset of action and optimal half-life. It has shown good antagonist activity in animal experiments and human vascular relaxation studies. Dose determination using allometric scaling and modeling indicates the appropriate dosage for patients. It also possesses suitable physicochemical properties for convenient administration.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Changes in dorsal root ganglion CGRP expression in mouse pinch nerve injury model: Modulation by Somatostatin type-2 receptor

Qiong Xiang et al.

Summary: This study found that antagonizing SSTR2 can inhibit CGRP expression and aggravate painful behavior in a model of compressed sciatic nerve injury. This provides important clues for understanding the pain mechanism and demonstrates the importance of CGRP in pain behavior.

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting drugs and Raynaud's phenomenon: a real-world potential safety signal from the WHO pharmacovigilance database

Alexandre O. Gerard et al.

Summary: This study found a significant association between CGRP-targeting drugs and Raynaud's phenomenon, with a stronger association compared to other drugs. However, caution is needed in the use of CGRP-targeting drugs due to limitations such as missing data and reporting bias.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Characterization of erenumab and rimegepant on calcitonin gene-related peptide induced responses in Xenopus Laevis oocytes expressing the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor and the amylin-1 receptor

Sanne Hage La Cour et al.

Summary: The use of new CGRP receptor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies targeting CGRP and CGRP-R has provided new treatment options for migraine patients. The study showed that erenumab and rimegepant are potent antagonists of CGRP-R and AMY(1)-R with significantly higher preference for CGRP-R over AMY(1)-R.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2022)

Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

CGRP-targeted drugs for migraine: still many uncertainties

Hans Christoph Diener

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeting drugs for migraine: how pharmacology might inform treatment decisions

Linda Al-Hassany et al.

Summary: Migraine is the second most disabling disorder worldwide, and the pharmacology and clinical effects of CGRP-targeted drugs are not fully understood. Factors such as sex, body-mass index, age, and ethnic background may affect the pharmacokinetics of these treatments, particularly Gepants. Patient characteristics may play a more prominent role in the management of migraine as more is learned about CGRP-targeted therapies.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2022)

Article Biology

Migraine monoclonal antibodies against CGRP change brain activity depending on ligand or receptor target - an fMRI study

Hauke Basedau et al.

Summary: This study found that treatment with CGRP antibodies had specific effects on brain activation and modulation in migraine patients. Galcanezumab reduced hypothalamic activation in all patients, with a stronger reduction in responders. Comparison between galcanezumab and erenumab showed differences in brain networks activated by the two antibodies. Pre-treatment activity of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and its coupling with the hypothalamus were associated with response to galcanezumab.
Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Lipidated Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Peptide Antagonists Retain CGRP Receptor Activity and Attenuate CGRP Action In Vivo

Aqfan Jamaluddin et al.

Summary: This study explores the feasibility of developing lipidated CGRP peptide antagonists and demonstrates that selected lipidated peptide antagonists can retain potent antagonist activity at the CGRP receptor and inhibit endogenous CGRP action in vivo.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Review Physiology

The Neuropeptide α-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide as the Mediator of Beneficial Effects of Exercise in the Cardiovascular System

Tom Skaria et al.

Summary: Regular physical activity has cardiovascular protective effects and increases the concentration of alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha CGRP). Alpha CGRP plays a role in vasodilation and migraine. Mouse models suggest that loss of alpha CGRP disrupts the cardiovascular system's adaptation to exercise and worsens cardiovascular damage in chronic hypertension, which can be reversed by alpha CGRP administration. This suggests that alpha CGRP agonists may be a therapeutic option for cardiovascular protection when exercise is not possible or contraindicated. However, the long-term cardiovascular safety of anti-CGRP therapy in individuals with cardiovascular diseases is still uncertain.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Article Physiology

CGRP and the Calcitonin Receptor are Co-Expressed in Mouse, Rat and Human Trigeminal Ganglia Neurons

Tayla A. Rees et al.

Summary: This study identified the relative distributions of the AMY(1) receptor subunit, CTR, and CGRP in neurons or glia in the trigeminal ganglia of rats, mice, and humans. It was found that CTR and CGRP were primarily colocalized in small to medium sized neurons, suggesting a role for CTR-based receptor activation during migraine. The results suggest that targeting the trigeminal ganglia CTR-based receptor could be a potential treatment for craniofacial pain and migraine.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Review Physiology

The Vascular-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in Cardiovascular Disease

Fulye Argunhan et al.

Summary: The treatment of hypertension and heart failure is a major challenge, with over 26 million people affected worldwide. CGRP has been found to have beneficial effects in hypertensive and heart failure patients. However, due to its short half-life, the beneficial effects of CGRP are often acute and transient. Recently developed long-lasting CGRP agonists may provide a solution for further studying CGRP in cardiovascular disease.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

New Generation Gepants: Migraine Acute and Preventive Medications

David Moreno-Ajona et al.

Summary: Migraine is a debilitating disease and new treatment options are necessary due to the issues with existing medications. The latest generation of CGRP pathway-targeting drugs have shown efficacy, safety, and tolerability in clinical trials. This article reviews the clinical trials of existing and new drugs.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2022)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Probing Neuropeptide Volume Transmission In Vivo by Simultaneous Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Release and Optical Sensing

Hejian Xiong et al.

Summary: In this study, an integrated optical approach using Plasmonic nAnovesicles and cell-based neurotransmitter fluorescent engineered reporter (CNiFER), called PACE, was developed to investigate neuropeptide signaling in the mouse neocortex. The results show that neuropeptide transmission is reduced but synchronized within 130 μm and smaller and delayed at longer distances.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2022)

Review Clinical Neurology

Is calcitonin gene-related peptide a reliable biochemical marker of migraine?

Betel Tesfay et al.

Summary: The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of clinical studies on CGRP measurements in body fluids of migraine patients and to discuss the validity of CGRP measurement as a clinical biomarker of migraine. Several studies have reported increased CGRP levels in various body fluids of migraine patients, suggesting that CGRP may be a feasible biomarker. However, inconsistencies and methodological challenges in measuring CGRP levels exist. CGRP measurements may have potential as biomarkers for predicting response to migraine therapy.

CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROLOGY (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Characterization of transit rates in the large intestine of mice following treatment with a CGRP antibody, CGRP receptor antibody, and small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists

Kirk W. Johnson et al.

Summary: This study characterizes the effects of blocking calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) activity on gastrointestinal transport. The results suggest that selectively blocking the CGRP receptor may have a greater impact on gastrointestinal transit than attenuating the activity of the ligand CGRP, possibly due to physiologically opposing mechanisms between CGRP and AMY1 receptors.

HEADACHE (2022)

Article Neurosciences

Sex Differences in CGRP Regulation and Function in the Amygdala in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain

Peyton Presto et al.

Summary: The amygdala plays a crucial role in the emotional response to pain and pain modulation. The lateral and capsular regions of the central nucleus of the amygdala are important areas for processing pain-related information. The CGRP1 receptor is involved in neuropathic pain-related amygdala activity, with a more significant impact on females.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Nociceptor neurons direct goblet cells via a CGRP-RAMP1 axis to drive mucus production and gut barrier protection

Daping Yang et al.

Summary: Neuroepithelial crosstalk plays a critical role in gut physiology, particularly in mediating gut barrier protection. Sensory neurons communicate with intestinal goblet cells to promote mucus secretion and gut protection via the CGRP-Ramp1 pathway. Additionally, commensal microbes can activate nociceptors to regulate CGRP release.
Article Neurosciences

From spreading depolarization to epilepsy with neuroinflammation: The role of CGRP in cortex

Fatima Gimeno-Ferrer et al.

Summary: CGRP release plays a major role in migraine pain by activating the trigeminal pain pathways. This study explores additional effects of CGRP on cortical circuits and investigates its impact on cortical excitability, cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), blood-brain-barrier (BBB), and microglial morphology.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

A phase IV clinical trial of gastrointestinal motility in adult patients with migraine before and after initiation of a calcitonin gene-related peptide ligand (galcanezumab) or receptor (erenumab) antagonist

David Kudrow et al.

Summary: This study compares the effects of different initial doses of CGRP monoclonal antibodies on gastrointestinal motility in patients with migraine and suggests potential mechanistic differences.

HEADACHE (2022)

Article Clinical Neurology

Anti-nociceptive effects of dual neuropeptide antagonist therapy in mouse model of neuropathic and inflammatory pain

Min Su Kim et al.

Summary: The study found that the combination therapy of CGRP antagonist and NK1 antagonist is more effective in alleviating neuropathic or inflammatory pain. The dual treatment significantly reduced pain behaviors, improved anxiety-related behaviors, and demonstrated a meaningful additive effect in animal models.

KOREAN JOURNAL OF PAIN (2022)

Article Biology

New and sex-specific migraine susceptibility loci identified from a multiethnic genome-wide meta-analysis

Helene Choquet et al.

Summary: Helene Choquet et al. identified novel loci associated with migraine in a large multiethnic genome-wide meta-analysis. They found 79 loci associated with migraine, including 45 which have not been previously reported and 3 that were specific to women, and which may lead to an improved understanding of migraine etiology.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biology

CGRP, adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin 2 display endogenous GPCR agonist bias in primary human cardiovascular cells

Ashley J. Clark et al.

Summary: Agonist bias refers to different ligands producing distinct signaling outputs at the same receptor, with physiological consequences demonstrated for the CLR receptor. This study reveals that GPCR agonist bias occurs naturally in human cells and plays a fundamental role in providing unique functions to endogenous agonists, opening up possibilities for further research on RAMP function in native environments.

COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Biology

Acute Increase in Blood αCGRP at Maximal Exercise and Its Association to Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Carbohydrate Oxidation and Work Performed: An Exploratory Study in Young Men

Adolfo Aracil-Marco et al.

Summary: The study found that the majority of young men respond to a single maximal exercise bout with an increase in blood alpha-CGRP concentration, and this response is associated with their cardiorespiratory fitness, carbohydrate oxidation, and work performed.

BIOLOGY-BASEL (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to erenumab in a patient with chronic migraine

Agaath Hedina Manickam et al.

Summary: Raynaud's phenomenon is a rare side effect of CGRP monoclonal antibodies, and patients with a background of Raynaud's phenomenon may experience worsening of their symptoms if started on these treatments in the future.

CLINICAL CASE REPORTS (2021)

Article Immunology

Nociceptors protect sickle cell disease mice from vaso-occlusive episodes and chronic organ damage

Chunliang Xu et al.

Summary: Sensory nerves play a protective role in SCD, relieving the severity of VOE, and manipulating nociception may provide a promising approach for treating SCD.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2021)

Article Anesthesiology

Different forms of traumatic brain injuries cause different tactile hypersensitivity profiles

Anne-Sophie Wattiez et al.

Summary: The study characterized tactile sensory profiles of two nonpenetrating models of posttraumatic headache (PTH). The results showed that repetitive daily injury for 3 days induced more severe phenotypes, offering new insights into patterns of injury that may place patients at a greater risk of developing PTH. The research also provided preclinical support for a pathophysiologic role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in PTH.
Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

CGRP Receptor Antagonism in COVID-19: Potential Cardiopulmonary Adverse Effects

Tom Skaria et al.

Summary: The US FDA has authorized a drug repurposing trial using CGRP receptor antagonists to reduce lung inflammation in COVID-19. However, concerns about potential cardiopulmonary adverse effects of antagonizing CGRP have been raised, highlighting the importance of early detection and prevention.

TRENDS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2021)

Review Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

Exploring the roles of neuropeptides in trigeminal neuropathic pain: A systematic review and narrative synthesis of animal studies

Nontawat Chuinsiri et al.

Summary: This systematic review focused on changes in neuropeptide expression following trigeminal neuropathic pain in animal models, with CGRP and substance P being the most frequently reported neuropeptides. However, included studies showed varying levels of bias risk, ranging from unclear to high.

ARCHIVES OF ORAL BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Interictal amylin levels in chronic migraine patients: A case-control study

Pablo Irimia et al.

Summary: The study evaluated interictal concentrations of amylin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in peripheral blood as potential biomarkers for chronic migraine. Higher levels of amylin were found in patients with chronic migraine, suggesting a possible diagnostic biomarker for this condition.

CEPHALALGIA (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Combined onabotulinumtoxinA/atogepant treatment blocks activation/sensitization of high-threshold and wide-dynamic range neurons

Agustin Melo-Carrillo et al.

Summary: The study showed that combined treatment with OnabotulinumtoxinA and atogepant prevented activation and sensitization of trigeminovascular neurons induced by cortical spreading depression, potentially offering more effective relief for chronic migraine patients compared to monotherapy.

CEPHALALGIA (2021)

Review Neurosciences

Was it something I ate? Understanding the bidirectional interaction of migraine and appetite neural circuits

Margarida Martins-Oliveira et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that migraine attacks may be related to changes in appetite, with fasting or skipping meals often considered common triggers in susceptible individuals, and hunger or abnormal appetite reported in the premonitory phase. Over the past decade, research into overlapping fields of neuroscience has become increasingly important, leading to novel findings. Data suggest that further research is needed to uncover the key neurobiological mechanisms underlying the interaction between migraine and appetite.

BRAIN RESEARCH (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Hypertension: A new safety risk for patients treated with erenumab

Suprat Saely et al.

Summary: This study analyzed 61 postmarketing case reports of elevated blood pressure associated with erenumab use, with most cases occurring in women within a week of initial dose. Some cases had serious outcomes, including hospitalization, but there were no reported deaths.

HEADACHE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Nociceptive nerves regulate haematopoietic stem cell mobilization

Xin Gao et al.

Summary: Nociceptive nerves play a role in enforcing HSC mobilization through CGRP secretion, collaborating with sympathetic nerves to maintain HSCs in the bone marrow. CGRP directly activates HSCs via the G alpha(s)/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP pathway, and consumption of capsaicin-containing food enhances HSC mobilization in mice.

NATURE (2021)

Article Neurosciences

Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19

Jenny Meinhardt et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx and brain, suggesting the virus may enter the CNS through the olfactory mucosa. The virus utilizes the neural-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa to penetrate the nervous system, affecting various neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

Making headway - a role for CGRP in post-traumatic headache

Dimos D. Mitsikostas et al.

Summary: Post-traumatic headache, while common, is still not well understood and managed effectively. Recent research has found a link between calcitonin gene-related peptide and the trigeminovascular system, opening up new possibilities for understanding the pathophysiology and improving treatment outcomes for this disorder.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Early outcomes of migraine after erenumab discontinuation: data from a real-life setting

Eleonora De Matteis et al.

Summary: The study evaluated early outcomes of erenumab discontinuation in migraine patients who had a continuous positive response. Results showed that most patients experienced worsening symptoms in the first 4 weeks after treatment cessation, although still lower than baseline. More than half of the patients had an early disease worsening, while others maintained their responder status after treatment completion. Further studies are needed to identify predictors of prolonged response to erenumab and determine the optimal treatment duration based on patients' characteristics.

NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES (2021)

Article Neurosciences

Area Postrema Cell Types that Mediate Nausea-Associated Behaviors

Chuchu Zhang et al.

Summary: By constructing an area postrema cell atlas and utilizing cell-specific manipulation, the basic organization of the area postrema nausea circuitry has been revealed, providing a framework for further exploration of nausea mechanisms.

NEURON (2021)

Article Anesthesiology

Increase in trigeminal ganglion neurons that respond to both calcitonin gene-related peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in mouse models of chronic migraine and posttraumatic headache

Zhaohua Guo et al.

Summary: Studies suggest that blocking both CGRP and PACAP signaling pathways in TG neurons may be more effective in treating chronic migraine and posttraumatic headache than targeting individual pathways.
Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

Inflammation in migraine ... or not ... : A critical evaluation of the evidence

Andrew Charles et al.

HEADACHE (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Risk of hypertension in erenumab-treated patients with migraine: Analyses of clinical trial and postmarketing data

David W. Dodick et al.

Summary: Clinical trials did not show an increased risk of hypertension with erenumab compared to placebo. Adverse event rates of hypertension reported with erenumab in the postmarketing setting were generally low. Additional data are needed to fully understand the risk of hypertension associated with erenumab.

HEADACHE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Airway stem cells sense hypoxia and differentiate into protective solitary neuroendocrine cells

Manjunatha Shivaraju et al.

Summary: Recent research has shown that airway basal stem cells have the ability to sense hypoxia and differentiate into solitary NE cells, which secrete a protective peptide called CGRP to mitigate hypoxic injury. This mechanism helps to explain the role of NE cells in the respiratory system and their response to environmental stimuli.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

miR-34a-5p up-regulates the IL-1β/COX2/PGE2 inflammation pathway and induces the release of CGRP via inhibition of SIRT1 in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons

Hui Zhang et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that miR-34a-5p can up-regulate the IL-1 beta/COX2/PGE2 inflammation pathway, induce apoptosis, enhance CGRP release, and thereby affect the pathogenesis of migraines.

FEBS OPEN BIO (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Discontinuing monoclonal antibodies targeting CGRP pathway after one-year treatment: an observational longitudinal cohort study

Fabrizio Vernieri et al.

Summary: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of discontinuing mAbs anti-CGRP on migraine patients. Results showed that migraine frequency and disability gradually increased after stopping the treatment, but most patients did not relapse to medication overuse or chronic migraine.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Inflammatory complications of CGRP monoclonal antibodies: a case series

Jason C. Ray et al.

Summary: This case series offers insights into the potential molecular mechanisms and side effects of CGRP antagonism in migraine, emphasizing the need for clinical vigilance in patient care moving forward.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2021)

Article Physiology

Amylin antibodies frequently display cross-reactivity with CGRP: characterization of eight amylin antibodies

Tayla A. Rees et al.

Summary: This study found that current amylin antibodies frequently cross-react with CGRP, making them unsuitable for use in tissues that highly express CGRP. Therefore, previous studies using these antibodies should be reevaluated in light of these findings.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

A Monoclonal Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Antibody Decreases Stress-Induced Colonic Hypersensitivity

Ehsan Noor-Mohammadi et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that inhibiting peripheral CGRP signaling could reverse colonic hypersensitivity induced by chronic adult stress or early life stress. Inhibition of peripheral CGRP signaling reduced central sensitization and alleviated stress-induced visceral pain.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Migraine therapeutics differentially modulate the CGRP pathway

Minoti Bhakta et al.

Summary: Therapeutic agents targeting the CGRP pathway play a key role in migraine treatment, but different drugs may have distinct mechanisms of action. Research findings suggest that therapeutics targeting CGRP ligands and receptors may differ in function and internalization.

CEPHALALGIA (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

CGRP monoclonal antibody prevents the loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) in a mouse model of post-traumatic headache

Caroline M. Kopruszinski et al.

Summary: The study aimed to investigate the role of calcitonin-gene related peptide in promoting post-traumatic headache and dysregulation of central pain modulation induced by mild traumatic brain injury in mice. The results showed that mild traumatic brain injury led to cutaneous allodynia and loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory control in mice on day 2 post-injury. However, systemic treatment with fremanezumab was able to block mild traumatic brain injury-induced cutaneous allodynia and restore the loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory control.

CEPHALALGIA (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Real-world efficacy, tolerability, and safety of ubrogepant

Chia-Chun Chiang et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the real-world efficacy, tolerability, and safety of ubrogepant in a tertiary headache center. Results showed that a significant proportion of patients experienced headache relief and complete headache freedom after taking ubrogepant, with a high rate of satisfaction. Adverse events, particularly fatigue, were reported in a substantial number of patients, emphasizing the importance of monitoring side effects in clinical practice. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore the long-term efficacy and safety of ubrogepant.

HEADACHE (2021)

Article Neurosciences

Convergence of peptidergic and non-peptidergic protein markers in the human dorsal root ganglion and spinal dorsal horn

Stephanie Shiers et al.

Summary: The study found that most nociceptors in humans express multiple markers and exhibit differences in central projection patterns compared to mice. Understanding how human nociceptors connect to subsets of dorsal horn neurons is crucial for understanding the physiological consequences of species differences.

JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY (2021)

Article Anesthesiology

Delta opioid receptor regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide dynamics in the trigeminal complex

Laura S. Moye et al.

Summary: DOP agonists show promise in alleviating chronic migraine-associated pain by modulating CGRP release and blocking CGRPR signaling. Coexpression of DOP with CGRP and its receptor components was observed in the trigeminal system, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for migraine treatment.
Article Anesthesiology

Efficacy and Tolerability of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide-Targeted Monoclonal Antibody Medications as Add-on Therapy to OnabotulinumtoxinA in Patients with Chronic Migraine

Fred Cohen et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that adding CGRP-targeted mAb to onabot treatment in patients with chronic migraine resulted in further reductions in headache days, with good overall tolerability.

PAIN MEDICINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

GFRAL-expressing neurons suppress food intake via aversive pathways

Paul Sabatini et al.

Summary: GDF-15 activates GFRAL neurons, affecting the expression of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, thereby inhibiting feeding and gastric emptying, promoting conditioned taste aversion; neurons with the strongest effect innervate the PBN and target CGRP(PBN) neurons, silencing of which abolishes the negative and anorectic effects of GDF-15.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure and dynamics of the CGRP receptor in apo and peptide-bound forms

Tracy M. Josephs et al.

Summary: This study provides insights into the mechanisms of class B1 GPCR activation by analyzing the structures and protein conformational dynamics of GPCRs.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Sensory neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide a regulate adaptive thermogenesis and diet-induced obesity

Kuldeep Makwana et al.

Summary: The study revealed that genetic ablation of heat-sensing CGRPa neurons promotes resistance to weight gain upon high-fat diet feeding and increases energy expenditure in mice by reducing lipid deposition, enhancing fatty acid oxidation gene expression, and increasing lipolysis in adipocytes, as well as enhancing mitochondrial respiration in iBAT.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Amylin Analog Pramlintide Induces Migraine-like Attacks in Patients

Hashmat Ghanizada et al.

Summary: This study investigated the role of pramlintide in the pathogenesis of migraine, finding that it participates in migraine attacks through activation of the amylin receptor. Through experiments on patients and studies on animal models, it was discovered that pramlintide and CGRP have similar effects in inducing migraine-like symptoms.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

Article Neurosciences

Transient Receptor Potential Channel 4 Small-Molecule Inhibition Alleviates Migraine-Like Behavior in Mice

Cinder Faith Cohen et al.

Summary: The study revealed the crucial role of TRPC4 in pain and migraine, with the TRPC4 antagonist ML204 showing promising effects in reducing migraine-like behaviors induced by nitroglycerin and lowering CGRP levels in mice. These findings suggest TRPC4 as a potential target for novel clinical treatments for migraineurs.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Pharmacokinetics and safety of ubrogepant when coadministered with calcitonin gene-related peptide-targeted monoclonal antibody migraine preventives in participants with migraine: A randomized phase 1b drug-drug interaction study

Abhijeet Jakate et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the impact of two CGRP-targeted mAbs, erenumab and galcanezumab, on the PK profile, safety, and tolerability of ubrogepant in adults with migraine. The results showed that coadministration of ubrogepant with erenumab or galcanezumab did not significantly alter the PK profile of ubrogepant and had no safety concerns.

HEADACHE (2021)

Review Clinical Neurology

A link between gastrointestinal disorders and migraine: Insights into the gut-brain connection

Sheena K. Aurora et al.

Summary: Migraine and gastrointestinal disorders share a common etiology, with delayed gastric emptying, functional dyspepsia, and CVS being associated with migraine and impacting treatment. Recognition of gastrointestinal disorders in migraine patients is important for improving treatment outcomes.

HEADACHE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Excitatory Effects of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) on Superficial Sp5C Neurons in Mouse Medullary Slices

Fang Zheng et al.

Summary: The neuromodulator CGRP increases neuronal activity in the superficial laminae of the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis by promoting excitatory synaptic drive and enhancing cell intrinsic properties. These central effects likely contribute to the activation of nociceptive pathways leading to severe headaches such as migraines.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Effects of Calcitonin-Gene-Related-Peptide on Auditory Nerve Activity

Colleen G. Le Prell et al.

Summary: The study found that endogenous CGRP released by lateral olivocochlear neurons can enhance auditory nerve activity, but the CGRP receptor antagonist does not affect spontaneous or sound-driven auditory nerve activity or OHC function. The results suggest that CGRP acts on neurons rather than outer hair cells.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2021)

Letter Clinical Neurology

Do anti-CGRP drugs have a role in migraine aura therapy?

Eleonora Matteo et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

Article Neurosciences

PACAP Induces Light Aversion in Mice by an Inheritable Mechanism Independent of CGRP

Adisa Kuburas et al.

Summary: CGRP and PACAP have emerged as mediators of migraine, inducing migraine-like symptoms through independent pathways in mice. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PACAP may be effective in patients unresponsive to CGRP-based therapeutics.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

AM833 is a novel agonist of calcitonin family G protein-coupled receptors: pharmacological comparison to six selective and non-selective agonists

Madeleine M. Fletcher et al.

Summary: The study found that agonists targeting AMYRs may have improved efficacy for treating obesity, with AM833 showing a unique pharmacological profile across receptor binding, activation, and regulation.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (2021)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Migraine: disease characterisation, biomarkers, and precision medicine

Messoud Ashina et al.

Summary: The paper discusses the progress made in the search for biomarkers of migraine within genetics, provocation modeling, biochemistry, and neuroimaging research. Challenges and future directions for each biomarker modality are outlined, as well as advances in combining and integrating data from multiple biomarker modalities. These efforts contribute to developing precision medicine for future patients with migraine.

LANCET (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Effect of Adrenomedullin on Migraine-Like Attacks in Patients With Migraine A Randomized Crossover Study

Hashmat Ghanizada et al.

Summary: The study confirms that IV infusion of adrenomedullin may trigger migraine attacks, leading to increased headache intensity and changes in physiological indicators such as heart rate and flushing.

NEUROLOGY (2021)

Article Anesthesiology

Opening of BKCa channels causes migraine attacks: a new downstream target for the treatment of migraine

Mohammad Al-Mahdi Al-Karagholi et al.

Summary: This study found that BKCa channel opening may trigger migraine attacks, and BKCa channel blockers could be potential candidates for novel antimigraine drugs.
Review Clinical Neurology

Real-World Evidence for Control of Chronic Migraine Patients Receiving CGRP Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Added to OnabotulinumtoxinA: A Retrospective Chart Review

Andrew M. Blumenfeld et al.

Summary: The combination treatment of onabotulinumtoxinA and CGRP mAbs in migraine patients showed significant reduction in headache days, improvement in quality of life, and good tolerability. Further research is needed to explore the potential benefits of this combination therapy.

PAIN AND THERAPY (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Evaluation of the Safety of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Antagonists for Migraine Treatment Among Adults With Raynaud Phenomenon

Ilana D. Breen et al.

Summary: The study found that microvascular complications of CGRP antagonist use in patients with underlying RP are uncommon, but caution is still needed when considering the use of these agents in these patients.

JAMA NETWORK OPEN (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

To Probe the Binding Interactions between Two FDA Approved Migraine Drugs (Ubrogepant and Rimegepant) and Calcitonin-Gene Related Peptide Receptor (CGRPR) Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Lauren Leung et al.

Summary: This study utilized molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the interactions between ubrogepant and rimegepant, oral drugs for migraines, with the related receptor at a molecular level, revealing their binding mechanisms. The results showed that olcegepant has the strongest binding affinity to CGRPR, followed by ubrogepant and rimegepant, mainly due to changes in hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions.

ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

Letter Clinical Neurology

Response to letter to the Editor: Assessing migraine therapeutics

Kimberly D. Mackenzie et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2021)

Letter Clinical Neurology

Assessing migraine therapeutics

Cen Xu et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

CGRP measurements in human plasma - a methodological study

Karl Messlinger et al.

Summary: Calcitonin gene-related peptide plasma levels can be accurately measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with proper modifications and precautions. Individuals show significant variations in plasma levels, making longitudinal studies suitable for monitoring changes over time.

CEPHALALGIA (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Safety and tolerability evaluation of erenumab for the preventive treatment of migraine

Christina Deligianni et al.

Summary: This review found no safety and tolerability concerns related to the use of erenumab in migraine treatment. The most common adverse events were local skin reactions and constipation, but there were no severe adverse events or frequent events leading to treatment discontinuation. Overall, treatment with erenumab was well tolerated.

EXPERT OPINION ON DRUG SAFETY (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

HMGB1, NLRP3, IL-6 and ACE2 levels are elevated in COVID-19 with headache: a window to the infection-related headache mechanism

Hayrunnisa Bolay et al.

Summary: This study investigated the relationship between headache and circulating inflammatory molecules in COVID-19 patients. Results showed significantly elevated levels of HMGB1, NLRP3, ACE2, and IL-6 in the serum of patients with headache, indicating a stronger inflammatory response associated with headache. Additionally, COVID-19 patients with headache exhibited specific clinical characteristics such as increased frequency of pulmonary involvement and higher D-dimer levels.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2021)

Review Clinical Neurology

Role of CGRP pathway polymorphisms in migraine: a systematic review and impact on CGRP mAbs migraine therapy

Damiana Scuteri et al.

Summary: Research interest in the genetic polymorphisms and epigenetics related to migraine, particularly focusing on the calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) pathway, has been increasing. However, only a limited number of studies have been able to identify specific genetic variants affecting migraine susceptibility and treatment response, indicating the need for further well-powered and high-quality research in this area.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

CGRP outflow into jugular blood and cerebrospinal fluid and permeance for CGRP of rat dura mater

Miriam Risch et al.

Summary: The study found that only a small fraction of CGRP applied to the dura mater reaches the jugular blood and, in a delayed manner, also appears in the CSF. The dura mater may act as a barrier for CGRP, limiting its diffusion into the CSF of the subarachnoid space where the concentration is too low to cause vasodilation.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2021)

Review Clinical Neurology

Migraine and neuroinflammation: the inflammasome perspective

Oguzhan Kursun et al.

Summary: Neuroinflammatory pathways, especially those involving inflammasome proteins, show promise as potential treatment targets and even biomarkers in migraine. The activation of inflammasomes can stimulate trigeminal neurons and contribute to the generation of migraine pain, making them an important focus in migraine research. The NLRP3 inflammasome, in particular, is well-studied and has been implicated in various inflammatory pain conditions, including migraine.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Cytokine and interleukin profile in patients with headache and COVID-19: A pilot, CASE-control, study on 104 patients

Javier Trigo et al.

Summary: The study aimed to compare cytokine and interleukin profiles in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without headache. Patients with headache were younger and more likely to have fever and anosmia. Higher levels of IL-10 were found in patients with headache, reflecting a more intense immune response.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2021)

Article Neurosciences

Single-cell profiling of CNS border compartment leukocytes reveals that B cells and their progenitors reside in non-diseased meninges

David Schafflick et al.

Summary: Recent findings suggest that CNS-associated border tissues have complex immunological functions, with the dura mater containing a large population of B cells that exhibit long-term tissue residency and maturation in experimental neuroinflammation. This identifies the dura as an unexpected site of B cell residence and potentially of development in both homeostasis and neuroinflammation.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

Review Clinical Neurology

Hormonal influences in migraine - interactions of oestrogen, oxytocin and CGRP

Diana N. Krause et al.

Summary: Reproductive hormones influence migraine in women but the basis of these effects is unknown. In this Review, the authors discuss what is known about sex hormones and their receptors in migraine-related areas of the CNS and the trigeminovascular pathway and propose a simple model to explain how hormones influence menstrual migraine.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Atogepant for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine

Jessica Ailani et al.

Summary: Oral atogepant once daily was effective in reducing the number of migraine days and headache days over a period of 12 weeks, but may cause adverse events such as constipation and nausea. Longer and larger trials are needed to determine the effect and safety of atogepant for migraine prevention.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Biology

Contribution of dorsal horn CGRP-expressing interneurons to mechanical sensitivity

Line S. Loken et al.

Summary: CGRP interneurons are under tonic inhibitory control in resting conditions, but become hyperexcitable in response to specific stimuli. They can participate in ascending circuits or reflex circuits to transmit pain information under certain conditions.
Review Behavioral Sciences

Mammalian Neuronal mRNA Transport Complexes: The Few Knowns and the Many Unknowns

Elsa C. Rodrigues et al.

Summary: The article discusses how mRNA is sorted into different packages and coupled to motor proteins for transport. It remains unclear whether all mRNAs are transported by the same machinery, or if different adaptors or motors are used for different transcripts. While there is indirect evidence for the involvement of proteins in mRNA localization, relatively little is known about the essential activities required for the actual transport process.

FRONTIERS IN INTEGRATIVE NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Efficacy of Erenumab in the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia A Retrospective Case Series

Eliot Parascandolo et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that Erenumab may be an effective treatment option for patients with refractory TN, with improvements in pain, headache frequency, and mood reported by the majority of patients. The treatment was well tolerated with minimal side effects.

NEUROLOGY-CLINICAL PRACTICE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Headaches associated with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: A prospective cross-sectional study

Delon D. Souza et al.

Summary: Headaches are a common and early symptom of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, more frequently seen in young females and in those with a history of primary headache disorders. Inflammatory markers levels were lower in those with headaches, indicating that the headaches may be due to local spread of the virus through the trigeminal nerve endings.

SAGE OPEN MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Differential Synovial CGRP/RAMP1 Expression in Men and Women With Knee OsteoarthritisYoshihisa

Kentaro Uchida et al.

Summary: Female patients with KOA have higher synovial expression levels of CGRP and RAMP1 compared to males, with CGRP expression positively correlated with pain severity in females but not in males. RAMP1 expression is not correlated with pain severity in either gender. This suggests the presence of different pain mechanisms in men and women with KOA.

CUREUS JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Effect of Adrenomedullin on Migraine-Like Attacks in Patients With Migraine

Hashmat Ghanizada et al.

Summary: The IV infusion of adrenomedullin was found to increase the incidence and intensity of migraine attacks, as well as significant adverse effects on heart rate and flushing. The study suggests that adrenomedullin may be a potential therapeutic target for migraine treatment.

NEUROLOGY (2021)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Tolerability of eptinezumab in overweight, obese or type 1 diabetes patients

Brian Baker et al.

Summary: Eptinezumab was well tolerated and did not lead to adverse metabolic effects in overweight/obese patients or those with T1D. There were no significant differences in basal metabolic rate and insulin sensitivity between the eptinezumab and placebo groups in the two studies.

ENDOCRINOLOGY DIABETES & METABOLISM (2021)

Review Clinical Neurology

A Bidirectional View of Migraine and Diet Relationship

Parisa Gazerani

Summary: Researchers have found that lifestyle and dietary factors play a crucial role in triggering migraines, and making changes in lifestyle and dietary habits can be beneficial in alleviating migraine symptoms. Dietary factors have a significant impact on migraines, with a focus on content and quality of diet, but the specific causal relationship between diet and migraines is still not clearly established.

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISEASE AND TREATMENT (2021)

Review Neurosciences

Neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the peripheral nervous system: implications for COVID-19 and pain

Amelia J. McFarland et al.

Summary: COVID-19 infection interacts with the peripheral nervous system to induce pain through multiple potential mechanisms, including direct and indirect effects on neuronal excitability to promote and worsen pain states.

PAIN REPORTS (2021)

Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

CGRP derived from cardiac fibroblasts is an endogenous suppressor of cardiac fibrosis

Wenqun Li et al.

CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Receptor component protein, an endogenous allosteric modulator of family B G protein coupled receptors

Sarah J. Routledge et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES (2020)

Article Clinical Neurology

Contribution of intraganglionic CGRP to migraine-like responses in male and female rats

Erika Ivanna Araya et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

CGRP in rat mesenteric artery and vein - receptor expression, CGRP presence and potential roles

Thi Lisa Le et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

Review Clinical Neurology

Gut-brain Axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review

Mahsa Arzani et al.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Expression of the CGRP Family of Neuropeptides and their Receptors in the Trigeminal Ganglion

Lars Edvinsson et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

Review Clinical Neurology

Cross-talk signaling in the trigeminal ganglion: role of neuropeptides and other mediators

Karl Messlinger et al.

JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Characterization of Ubrogepant: A Potent and Selective Antagonist of the Human Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor

Eric Moore et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neuropeptides in gut-brain axis and their influence on host immunity and stress

Pingli Wei et al.

COMPUTATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The effects of CGRP in vascular tissue - Classical vasodilation, shadowed effects and systemic dilemmas

Iben Sohn et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

Could CGRP Antagonists Be Helpful in the Fight Against COVID-19?

Carrie E. Robertson

HEADACHE (2020)

Review Immunology

Transient Receptor Potential Channels and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Yiding Chen et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Article Clinical Neurology

Stimulation of Posterior Thalamic Nuclei Induces Photophobic Behavior in Mice

Levi P. Sowers et al.

HEADACHE (2020)

Article Clinical Neurology

The potential danger of blocking CGRP for treating migraine in CADASIL patients

Irene de Boer et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

A CGRP receptor antagonist peptide formulated for nasal administration to treat migraine

Bengt von Mentzer et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

Article Clinical Neurology

Hypersensitivity to Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide in Post-Traumatic Headache

Hakan Ashina et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2020)

Article Clinical Neurology

Vascular actions of peripheral CGRP in migraine-like photophobia in mice

Bianca N. Mason et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2020)

Review Neurosciences

Emerging importance of satellite glia in nervous system function and dysfunction

Menachem Hanani et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacological treatment of migraine: CGRP and 5-HT beyond the triptans

Tessa de Vries et al.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2020)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Targeting pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) with monoclonal antibodies in migraine prevention: a brief review

Cecilia Rustichelli et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS (2020)

Article Clinical Neurology

Headache characteristics in COVID-19 pandemic-a survey study

Ozge Uygun et al.

JOURNAL OF HEADACHE AND PAIN (2020)

Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

Targeting CGRP in migraine: a matter of choice and dose

Linda Al-Hassany et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2020)

Article Psychology, Biological

Viral depletion of calcitonin receptors in the area postrema: A proof-of-concept study

Bernd Coester et al.

PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Antagonism of CGRP Signaling by Rimegepant at Two Receptors

Kylie S. Pan et al.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

Article Clinical Neurology

Giving Researchers a Headache - Sex and Gender Differences in Migraine

Linda Al-Hassany et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2020)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Molecular Mechanisms of Class B GPCR Activation: Insights from Adrenomedullin Receptors

Michael L. Garelja et al.

ACS PHARMACOLOGY & TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2020)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Distinct Patterns of Internalization of Different Calcitonin GeneRelated Peptide Receptors

Joseph J. Gingell et al.

ACS PHARMACOLOGY & TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE (2020)

Article Clinical Neurology

Headache associated with COVID-19: Frequency, characteristics and association with anosmia and ageusia

Pedro Augusto Sampaio Rocha-Filho et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2020)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Migraine

Messoud Ashina

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Paracrine signalling by cardiac calcitonin controls atrial fibrogenesis and arrhythmia

Lucia M. Moreira et al.

NATURE (2020)

Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Perivascular neurotransmitters: Regulation of cerebral blood flow and role in primary headaches

Simona D. Frederiksen et al.

JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM (2019)

Review Clinical Neurology

Cortical spreading depression as a site of origin for migraine: Role of CGRP

Liesl N. Close et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2019)

Review Clinical Neurology

Molecular studies of CGRP and the CGRP family of peptides in the central nervous system

Erica R. Hendrikse et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2019)

Review Clinical Neurology

Current understanding of trigeminal ganglion structure and function in headache

Karl Messlinger et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2019)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Adrenomedullin: Continuing to explore cardioprotection

Toshihiro Tsuruda et al.

PEPTIDES (2019)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases in health and disease

Ole-Morten Seternes et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH (2019)

Review Clinical Neurology

Current understanding of thalamic structure and function in migraine

Samaira Younis et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2019)

Article Neurosciences

Role of intraganglionic transmission in the trigeminovascular pathway

LuJuan Zhang et al.

MOLECULAR PAIN (2019)

Article Neurosciences

PACAP-38 and PACAP(6-38) Degranulate Rat Meningeal Mast Cells via the Orphan MrgB3-Receptor

Sara Hougaard Pedersen et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2019)

Article Neurosciences

Ischemic Stroke Associated With Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Inhibitor Therapy for Migraine: A Case Report

Stephen Aradi et al.

JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES (2019)

Article Clinical Neurology

Does inflammation have a role in migraine?

Lars Edvinsson et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2019)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Trial of Galcanezumab in Prevention of Episodic Cluster Headache

Peter J. Goadsby et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2019)

Review Immunology

Role of Dual-Specificity Phosphatase 1 in Glucocorticoid-Driven Anti-inflammatory Responses

Jessica Hoppstaedter et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

Article Clinical Neurology

Amylin as a potential link between type 2 diabetes and alzheimer disease

Ivan Martinez-Valbuena et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2019)

Review Clinical Neurology

Hypothalamic regulation of headache and migraine

Arne May et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2019)

Review Clinical Neurology

Migraine and the trigeminovascular system-40 years and counting

Messoud Ashina et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2019)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identifying roles for peptidergic signaling in mice

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EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH (2009)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Proteases for processing proneuropeptides into peptide neurotransmitters and hormones

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ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY (2008)

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CGRP blockers in migraine therapy: where do they act?

L. Edvinsson

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2008)

Review Clinical Neurology

The blood-brain barrier in migraine treatment

L. Edvinsson et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2008)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mechanisms mediating the enhanced gene transcription of P2X3 receptor by calcitonin gene-related peptide in trigeminal sensory neurons

Manuela Simonetti et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2008)

Review Neurosciences

The hemo-neural hypothesis: On the role of blood flow in information processing

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JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2008)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Repression of prespliceosome complex formation at two distinct steps by Fox-1/Fox-2 proteins

Hua-Lin Zhou et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY (2008)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Control of the calcitonin gene-related peptide enhancer by upstream stimulatory factor in trigeminal ganglion neurons

Ki-Youb Park et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2008)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Protective roles of alpha-calcitonin and beta-calcitonin gene-related peptide in spontaneous and experimentally induced colitis

Brent J. Thompson et al.

DIGESTIVE DISEASES AND SCIENCES (2008)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Role of visceral afferent neurons in mucosal inflammation and defense

Peter Holzer

CURRENT OPINION IN PHARMACOLOGY (2007)

Article Respiratory System

Calcitonin gene-related peptide mediates acid-induced lung injury in mice

Tomoko Aoki-Nagase et al.

RESPIROLOGY (2007)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

What makes a CGRP2 receptor?

D. L. Hay

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY (2007)

Article Clinical Neurology

Neuron-glia signaling in trigeminal ganglion: Implications for migraine pathology

Srikanth Thalakoti et al.

HEADACHE (2007)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Role of calcitonin receptor-like receptor in colonic motility and inflammation

Matthew S. Clifton et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY (2007)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Receptor activity-modifying proteins 2 and 3 have distinct physiological functions from embryogenesis to old age

Ryan Dackor et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2007)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Role for Fox-1/Fox-2 in mediating the neuronal pathway of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide alternative RNA processing

Hua-Lin Zhou et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY (2007)

Article Cell Biology

A nuclear function of Hu proteins as neuron-specific alternative RNA processing regulators

Hui Zhu et al.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL (2006)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

A critical role for the short intracellular C terminus in receptor activity-modifying protein function

Madhara Udawela et al.

MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY (2006)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacological characterization of novel α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor peptide antagonists that are selective for human CGRP receptors

Christopher K. Taylor et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS (2006)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pharmacology of the human CGRP1 receptor in Cos 7 cells

Richard J. Bailey et al.

PEPTIDES (2006)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Hydrops fetalis, cardiovascular defects, and embryonic lethality in mice lacking the Calcitonin receptor-like receptor gene

RT Dackor et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY (2006)

Review Neurosciences

Dendritic peptide release and peptide-dependent behaviours

M Ludwig et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE (2006)

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Adventitial neuronal somata

Chandra Somasundaram et al.

JOURNAL OF VASCULAR RESEARCH (2006)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

GPCR modulation by RAMPS

DL Hay et al.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2006)

Article Clinical Neurology

Salivary levels of CGRP and VIP in rhinosinusitis and migraine patients

JL Bellamy et al.

HEADACHE (2006)

Article Clinical Neurology

No increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide in jugular blood during migraine

JF Tvedskov et al.

ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY (2005)

Review Immunology

Without nerves, immunology remains incomplete -: in vivo veritas

AJ Shepherd et al.

IMMUNOLOGY (2005)

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Impaired capsaicin and neurokinin-evoked colonic motility in inflammatory bowel disease

AS Smith et al.

JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY (2005)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

BIBN4096BS antagonizes human α-calcitonin gene related peptide-induced headache and extracerebral artery dilatation

KA Petersen et al.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2005)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Can we develop neurally acting drugs for the treatment of migraine?

PJ Goadsby

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2005)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS for the acute treatment of migraine

J Olesen et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2004)

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Identification of novel adrenomedullin in mammals: a potent cardiovascular and renal regulator

Y Takei et al.

FEBS LETTERS (2004)

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Effect of pramlintide on symptom, catecholamine, and glucagon responses to hypoglycemia in healthy subjects

T Heise et al.

METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL (2004)

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Analysis of the cellular expression pattern of β-CGRP in α-CGRP-deficient mice

B Schütz et al.

JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY (2004)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) modulates nociceptive trigeminovascular transmission in the cat

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2004)

Review Physiology

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PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2004)

Article Developmental Biology

Immunohistochemical localization of Foxa1 and Foxa2 in mouse embryos and adult tissues

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GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS (2004)

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Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates gene transcription in primary afferent neurons

LE Anderson et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY (2004)

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Long-term induction of β-CGRP mRNA in rat lungs by allergic inflammation

J Tsukiji et al.

LIFE SCIENCES (2004)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Regulation of the cell-specific calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide enhancer by USF and the Foxa2 forkhead protein

TJ Viney et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2004)

Review Clinical Neurology

The amygdala and persistent pain

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NEUROSCIENTIST (2004)

Review Neurosciences

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D Pietrobon et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE (2003)

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SRp55 is a regulator of calcitonin/CGRP alternative RNA splicing

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BIOCHEMISTRY (2003)

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Loss of alpha CGRP reduces sound-evoked activity in the cochlear nerve

SF Maison et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (2003)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Calcitonin gene-related peptide as inflammatory mediator

J Springer et al.

PULMONARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2003)

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Expression and regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor in rat placentas

YL Dong et al.

BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION (2002)

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Localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors in rat gastric mucosa

K Kawashima et al.

PEPTIDES (2002)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Receptor activity-modifying protein 1 determines the species selectivity of non-peptide CGRP receptor antagonists

JJ Mallee et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2002)

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New insights into the molecular actions of serotonergic antimigraine drugs

PL Durham et al.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2002)

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Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model

H Bolay et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2002)

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CGRP may play a causative role in migraine

LH Lassen et al.

CEPHALALGIA (2002)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Drug therapy: Migraine - Current understanding and treatment.

PJ Goadsby et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2002)

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Expression of receptor-activity modifying protein (RAMP) mRNAs in the mouse brain

T Ueda et al.

MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH (2001)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacological evidence for CGRP uptake into perivascular capsaicin sensitive nerve terminals

A Sams-Nielsen et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2001)

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Capsaicin-sensitive afferents and their role in gastroprotection: an update

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JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-PARIS (2001)

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Immunohistochemical localization of amylin in rat brainstem

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PEPTIDES (2000)

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Warm-coding deficits and aberrant inflammatory pain in mice lacking P2X3 receptors

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NATURE (2000)

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Vascular matrix metalloproteinase-2-dependent cleavage of calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes vasoconstriction

C Fernandez-Patron et al.

CIRCULATION RESEARCH (2000)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

CGRP-RCP, a novel protein required for signal transduction at calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors

BN Evans et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2000)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Cellular localization of neprilysin in mouse bone tissue and putative role in hydrolysis of osteogenic peptides

AF Ruchon et al.

JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH (2000)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

CGRP2 receptor in the internal anal sphincter of the rat:: implications for CGRP receptor classification

FM Wisskirchen et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2000)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Pharmacological profile of BIBN4096BS, the first selective small molecule CGRP antagonist

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BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2000)