Distribution of critical metals in evolving pyrite from massive sulfide ores of the Iberian Pyrite Belt

With >90 known deposits containing original reserves of >2400 Mt of sulfide ore, the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is the largest volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) province on Earth. In these evolving mineral systems, texturally different pyrite exhibits characteristic mineralogy and trace element fingerprints. Pyrite (Py-1), which is well preserved in the polymetallic ores that crystallized at the earliest stage of VMS deposit formation, consists of kernels of pyrite framboids surrounded by concentric colloform bands and ended by faceted outlines. It is rich in some metals like Pb, Zn, Sb and As (mostly hosted as nano-to-micron-sized particles, including galena, tetra-hedrite and arsenopyrite) but depleted in Cu, Co and Bi. In contrast, pyrite from the pyritic and Cu-rich ore overprinted by late fluids exhibits spongy-looking (Py-2) or homogenous (Py-3) cores surrounded by external facets with crystallographic continuity across the whole single grains due to re-crystallization. Py-2 is depleted in most trace elements with the exception of Au and Bi, which occur both in solid solutions and as nano-to-micron -sized inclusions. Py-3 has the highest Cu, Ag, Co and Ni (mainly associated to nano-to-micron-sized particles of tennantite, chalcopyrite and gersdorffite) and the lowest Au contents in the form of native gold. The progressive increase in metal contents from inner to outer parts of Py-1 matches with the onset of the economic metal endowment of VMS deposits in the IPB, whereas Py-2 and Py-3 are associated with metal shoot processes that led to both leached and high-grade ores, very likely when mafic rocks were emplaced into the footwall of the deposits.

Automated summary

The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is the largest volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) province on Earth, with more than 90 known deposits and original reserves exceeding 2400 Mt of sulfide ore. Different textures of pyrite in these mineral systems have characteristic mineralogy and trace element fingerprints. Pyrite (Py-1) in polymetallic ores from the earliest stage of VMS deposit formation contains kernels of pyrite framboids surrounded by concentric colloform bands and faceted outlines, and is rich in Pb, Zn, Sb, and As but depleted in Cu, Co, and Bi. Pyrite (Py-2) from pyritic and Cu-rich ore overprinted by late fluids has spongy-looking or homogenous cores surrounded by external facets, with depletion in most trace elements except Au and Bi. Pyrite (Py-3) has the highest Cu, Ag, Co, and Ni contents and the lowest Au contents in the form of native gold, associated with tennantite, chalcopyrite, and gersdorffite particles. The metal contents of Py-1 increase progressively from inner to outer parts, corresponding to the economic metal endowment of VMS deposits in the IPB, while Py-2 and Py-3 are associated with metal shoot processes and the emplacement of mafic rocks into the deposits' footwall.