A comprehensive review on clay swelling and illitization of smectite in natural subsurface formations and engineered barrier systems

For the safe disposal of high-level radioactive waste using Engineered Barrier Systems (EBS), bentonite buffer is used by its high swelling capability and low hydraulic conductivity. When the bentonite buffer is contacted to heated pore water containing ions by radioactive decay, chemical alterations of minerals such as illitization reaction occur. Illitization of bentonite indicates the alteration of expandable smectite into non-expandable illite, which threatens the stability and integrity of EBS. This study intends to provide a thorough review on the information underlying in the illitization of bentonite, by covering basic clay mineralogy, smectite expansion, mechanisms and observation of illitization, and illitization in EBS. Since understanding of smectite illitization is crucial for securing the safety and integrity of nuclear waste disposal systems using bentonite buffer, this thorough review study is expected to provide essential and concise information for the preventive EBS design.(c) 2023 Korean Nuclear Society, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Automated summary

This study aims to provide a comprehensive review on the illitization process of bentonite, covering basic clay mineralogy, smectite expansion, mechanisms and observation of illitization, and illitization in Engineered Barrier Systems (EBS). Understanding of smectite illitization is crucial for securing the safety and integrity of nuclear waste disposal systems using bentonite buffer. This thorough review study is expected to provide essential and concise information for the preventive EBS design.