Diverse nature of interictal oscillations: EEG-based biomarkers in epilepsy

Interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns, including high-frequency oscillations (HFOs), interictal spikes (ISs), and slow wave activities (SWAs), are defined as specific oscillations between seizure events. These interictal oscillations reflect specific dynamic changes in network excitability and play various roles in epilepsy. In this review, we briefly describe the electrographic characteristics of HFOs, ISs, and SWAs in the interictal state, and discuss the underlying cellular and network mechanisms. We also summarize representative evidence from experimental and clinical epilepsy to address their critical roles in ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, indicating their potential as electrophysiological biomarkers of epilepsy. Importantly, we put forwards some perspectives for further research in the field.

Automated summary

In this review, the authors briefly describe the electrographic characteristics of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs), interictal spikes (ISs), and slow wave activities (SWAs) in the interictal state, and discuss their various roles in epilepsy. They summarize representative evidence from experimental and clinical epilepsy to address their critical roles in seizure generation and epileptogenesis, indicating their potential as electrophysiological biomarkers of epilepsy. Importantly, they propose perspectives for further research in the field.