4.5 Review

Glycobiology of rheumatic diseases

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antibody glycosylation in COVID-19

Tamas Pongracz et al.

Summary: Antibody glycosylation plays a critical role in COVID-19 infections, affecting the effectiveness and safety of immune responses. This review summarizes recent research on antibody glycosylation in COVID-19, evaluating research methods and the dynamics, effector functions, clinical utility, and regulation of glycosylation. Future research could explore other antibody classes, non-canonical antibody receptors, and the regulation of antibody glycosylation.

GLYCOCONJUGATE JOURNAL (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Galectin network in osteoarthritis: galectin-4 programs a pathogenic signature of gene and effector expression in human chondrocytes in vitro

Katharina M. Pichler et al.

Summary: Galectin-4 (Gal-4) is a galactose-binding protein that is upregulated in osteoarthritis, leading to the upregulation of pro-degradative/-inflammatory proteins in chondrocytes. This study suggests that targeting galectin activity may be a potential therapeutic approach in OA progression.

HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY (2022)

Article Rheumatology

IgG Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody Variable Domain Glycosylation Increases Before the Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Stabilizes Thereafter: A Cross-Sectional Study Encompassing ∼1,500 Samples

Theresa Kissel et al.

Summary: The abundance of N-linked glycans in the variable domain of IgG ACPA increases towards the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and is associated with the maturation of the ACPA response and disease development.

ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATOLOGY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Glycans as a key factor in self and nonself discrimination: impact on the breach of immune tolerance

Ines Alves et al.

Summary: Glycans, carbohydrates covalently conjugated to other biomolecules, are crucial in defining the identity of a cell or an organism, as they cover the surface of human cells and pathogens. They can be recognized by glycan-binding proteins (GBP) expressed by immune cells, regulating both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. This review discusses how glycans modulate host-pathogen interactions and inflammatory processes, and highlights the potential of glycoscience research in providing valuable biomarkers and therapeutic targets for immunity.

FEBS LETTERS (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Establishment of fetomaternal tolerance through glycan-mediated B cell suppression

G. Rizzuto et al.

Summary: The recognition and tolerance of the placenta by the maternal immune system is crucial for a healthy pregnancy. This study provides evidence that glycan-mediated B cell suppression plays a key role in establishing fetomaternal tolerance in mice. The release of trophoblast-derived sialoglycoproteins into the maternal circulation during pregnancy suggests potential implications for immune-mediated pregnancy complications and tumor immune evasion.

NATURE (2022)

Article Materials Science, Biomaterials

Multifunctional, Multivalent PIC Polymer Scaffolds for Targeting Antigen-Specific, Autoreactive B Cells

Hendy Kristyanto et al.

Summary: Multivalent scaffolds that carry multiple molecules with immunophenotyping or immunomodulatory properties are important for studying and modulating immune responses. In this study, polyisocyanopeptides (PICs) were used to detect autoreactive B cells and functionalized with autoantigenic peptides and a CD22 ligand to inhibit B-cell activation. These results demonstrate the potential clinical applications of PIC scaffolds in B-cell-mediated diseases.

ACS BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING (2022)

Article Cell Biology

Divergent Golgi trafficking limits B cell-mediated IgG sialylation

Leandre M. Glendenning et al.

Summary: The degree of alpha 2,6-linked sialylation on IgG glycans is associated with inflammatory conditions. IgG has divergent pathways for glycosylation and trafficking, with poor sialylation and high core fucosylation in cell culture. In contrast, cell surface glycoproteins on IgG-producing cells show high sialylation and low fucosylation.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Developments and perspectives in high-throughput protein glycomics: enabling the analysis of thousands of samples

Noortje de Haan et al.

Summary: Glycans enhance the structural complexity of proteins, and glycosylation is an important regulatory mechanism in many biological processes. Due to extensive interindividual differences in glycosylation, large studies are needed to map the structures and understand the role of glycosylation in human physiology. High-throughput glycomics methods have emerged to tackle the complexity of glycosylation and extensively characterize the human glycome in various biological samples. The ultimate goal is to gain better knowledge of the complete human glycome using easily implementable methods in biomedical research.

GLYCOBIOLOGY (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Surface Ig variable domain glycosylation affects autoantigen binding and acts as threshold for human autoreactive B cell activation

Theresa Kissel et al.

Summary: The presence of variable domain glycans (VDGs) in autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis affects B cell activation and binding, potentially contributing to the breach of tolerance in autoimmune diseases.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Afucosylated IgG characterizes enveloped viral responses and correlates with COVID-19 severity

Mads Delbo Larsen et al.

Summary: This study reveals that afucosylated IgG antibodies are specifically formed against enveloped viruses, but not generally against other antigens. These antibodies enhance Fc gamma RIIIa responses, but also exacerbate cytokine storms and immune-mediated pathologies.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Loss of α2-6 sialylation promotes the transformation of synovial fibroblasts into a pro-inflammatory phenotype in arthritis

Yilin Wang et al.

Summary: Research reveals that in rheumatoid arthritis, pro-inflammatory cytokines reshape the glycome of synovial fibroblasts, converting the synovium into a highly pro-inflammatory microenvironment.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Clinical Neurology

Association of a Marker of N-Acetylglucosamine With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Neurodegeneration

Alexander U. Brandt et al.

Summary: The study suggests that deficiency in GlcNAc and its stereoisomers (HexNAc) may serve as a biomarker for primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS). Lower serum HexNAc levels are associated with disease progression and neurodegeneration.

JAMA NEUROLOGY (2021)

Article Rheumatology

Protein Mannosylation as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker of Lupus Nephritis: An Unusual Glycan Neoepitope in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Ines Alves et al.

Summary: The study found that LN patients exhibit a unique glycan signature in kidney tissue, characterized by increased abundance and spatial distribution of unusual mannose-enriched glycans, promoting increased recognition by specific glycan-recognizing receptors. This abnormal glycosignature of LN is due to a deficient complex N-glycosylation pathway and a proficient O-mannosylation pathway. Additionally, detected mannosylation levels in LN patients at the time of diagnosis were shown to predict the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATOLOGY (2021)

Article Genetics & Heredity

Safety and efficacy of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) in patients with GNE myopathy: an open-label phase 2 study

Nuria Carrillo et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of ManNAc in patients with GNE myopathy and found long-term safety, biochemical efficacy consistent with the intended mechanism of action, and preliminary evidence of clinical efficacy in patients.

GENETICS IN MEDICINE (2021)

Article Immunology

Elevated N-Linked Glycosylation of IgG V Regions in Myasthenia Gravis Disease Subtypes

Caleigh Mandel-Brehm et al.

Summary: Elevated IgG-VN-Glyc frequency in patients with myasthenia gravis was attributed to biased V gene segment usage and somatic hypermutation. While IgG-VN-Glyc was observed in the total circulating IgG of some patients, it did not alter autoantigen binding in patient-derived MG autoantigen-specific mAbs.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Fc Galactosylation Promotes Hexamerization of Human IgG1, Leading to Enhanced Classical Complement Activation

Thijs L. J. van Osch et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that galactose incorporation in IgG1-Fc enhances C1q binding, C4, C3 deposition and complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Sialylation of IgG1-Fc slightly enhances C1q binding, but has little effect on downstream complement activation. Additionally, the data suggest that IgG1-Fc galactosylation enhances IgG1 hexamerization potential and complement activation.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Bifunctional small molecules that mediate the degradation of extracellular proteins

David F. Caianiello et al.

Summary: Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is a promising therapeutic strategy, with MoDE-A technology enabling degradation of extracellular proteins. Experimental evidence shows the modularity of MoDE-A molecules in inducing specific protein depletion, opening up new possibilities for disease treatment.

NATURE CHEMICAL BIOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

Effects of Estradiol on Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation: Mapping of the Downstream Signaling Mechanism

Anika Mijakovac et al.

Summary: The composition of IgG glycome changes significantly with age, with women experiencing the most notable changes during the perimenopausal period. Hormonal changes affect the glycan composition of IgG, with estradiol supplementation sufficient to prevent these changes. Notably, estrogen depletion primarily affects B cell glycosylation while liver glycosylation remains mostly unchanged.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Control of intestinal inflammation by glycosylation-dependent lectin-driven immunoregulatory circuits

Luciano G. Morosi et al.

Summary: The study reveals a glycosylation-dependent on-off circuit controlled by Galectin-1 (Gal1) and its glycosylated ligands which target activated CD8(+) T cells and shape cytokine profile to maintain intestinal homeostasis. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, increased Gal1 is associated with dysregulated expression of glycosyltransferases C2GNT1 and ST6GAL1. This provides insights into the role of Gal1 and its glycosylated ligands in recalibrating T cell immunity to preserve intestinal homeostasis.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Fc galactosylation follows consecutive reaction kinetics and enhances immunoglobulin G hexamerization for complement activation

Bingchuan Wei et al.

Summary: Fc galactosylation is crucial for the efficacy of anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies with CDC mechanism. A kinetic model of galactose transfer in the Golgi apparatus was established to study the correlation between differently galactosylated species from CHO cell culture. The study also discovered the molecular basis for Fc glycan terminal galactosylation affecting the conformation of Fc, enhancing complement activation in mAb therapeutics.
Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

IgA subclasses have different effector functions associated with distinct glycosylation profiles

Ulrike Steffen et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

Article Allergy

IgG Fc sialylation is regulated during the germinal center reaction following immunization with different adjuvants

Yannic C. Bartsch et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Monitoring of immunoglobulin N- and O-glycosylation in health and disease

Noortje de Haan et al.

GLYCOBIOLOGY (2020)

Review Oncology

Targeting Glycosylation: A New Road for Cancer Drug Discovery

Ana Filipa Costa et al.

TRENDS IN CANCER (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Physical Principles of Membrane Shape Regulation by the Glycocalyx

Carolyn R. Shurer et al.

Article Clinical Neurology

MuSK myasthenia gravis monoclonal antibodies

Maartje G. Huijbers et al.

NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION (2019)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Adaptive antibody diversification through N-linked glycosylation of the immunoglobulin variable region

Fleur S. van de Bovenkamp et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Metabolic control of T cell immune response through glycans in inflammatory bowel disease

Ana M. Dias et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structural basis for the recognition of complex-type N-glycans by Endoglycosidase S

Beatriz Trastoy et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Galectin-9 binds IgM-BCR to regulate B cell signaling

Anh Cao et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Endogenous Galectin-9 Suppresses Apoptosis in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts

Mark J. Pearson et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2018)

Review Immunology

B Cell Siglecs-News on Signaling and Its Interplay With Ligand Binding

Sarah J. Meyer et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

Review Immunology

Glycans as Key Checkpoints of T Cell Activity and Function

Marcia S. Pereira et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Serum Protein N-Glycosylation Changes with Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity during and after Pregnancy

Karli R. Reiding et al.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2018)

Review Immunology

Glycosylation of IgG-Fc: a molecular perspective

Masato Kiyoshi et al.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Estrogens regulate glycosylation of IgG in women and men

Altan Ercan et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2017)

Article Immunology

DC-SIGN expression on podocytes and its role in inflammatory immune response of lupus nephritis

Minchao Cai et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Changes of glycosylation of IgG in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate

Ewa Gindzienska-Sieskiewicz et al.

ADVANCES IN MEDICAL SCIENCES (2016)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Galectin-3 binds highly galactosylated IgG1 and is crucial for the IgG1 complex mediated inhibition of C5aReceptor induced immune responses

Kerstin A. Heyl et al.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2016)

Review Immunology

The Emerging Importance of IgG Fab Glycosylation in Immunity

Fleur S. van de Bovenkamp et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

B-cell-independent sialylation of IgG

Mark B. Jones et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2016)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sialylation converts arthritogenic IgG into inhibitors of collagen-induced arthritis

Yuhsuke Ohmi et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2016)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Sialylation of IgG Fc domain impairs complement-dependent cytotoxicity

Isaak Quast et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2015)

Article Immunology

Pro-inflammatory pattern of IgG1 Fc glycosylation in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid

Manfred Wuhrer et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2015)

Article Immunology

The Pathogenicity of Anti-β2GP1-IgG Autoantibodies Depends on Fc Glycosylation

Christoph Fickentscher et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH (2015)

Article Oncology

Glycosylation as a marker for inflammatory arthritis

Simone Albrecht et al.

CANCER BIOMARKERS (2014)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structural Characterization of Anti-Inflammatory Immunoglobulin G Fc Proteins

Alysia A. Ahmed et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2014)

Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Glycans Are a Novel Biomarker of Chronological and Biological Ages

Jasminka Kristic et al.

JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES (2014)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The cancer glycocalyx mechanically primes integrin-mediated growth and survival

Matthew J. Paszek et al.

NATURE (2014)

Correction Multidisciplinary Sciences

Dominant suppression of inflammation by glycan-hydrolyzed IgG (Retraction of vol 110, pg 10252, 2013)

Kutty Selva Nandakumar et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2014)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Redemption of autoantibodies on anergic B cells by variable-region glycosylation and mutation away from self-reactivity

Zahra Sabouri et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2014)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Innate lymphoid cells regulate intestinal epithelial cell glycosylation

Yoshiyuki Goto et al.

SCIENCE (2014)

Review Immunology

Siglec-mediated regulation of immune cell function in disease

Matthew S. Macauley et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2014)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

High-Throughput IgG Fc N-Glycosylation Profiling by Mass Spectrometry of Glycopeptides

Maja Pucic Bakovic et al.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH (2013)

Letter Multidisciplinary Sciences

Crystal structure of sialylated IgG Fc: Implications for the mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy

Max Crispin et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2013)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

General mechanism for modulating immunoglobulin effector function

Peter Sondermann et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2013)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Quantitative glycan profiling of normal human plasma derived immunoglobulin and its fragments Fab and Fc

Kalyan Rao Anumula

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS (2012)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Human IgG Fc-glycosylation profiling reveals associations with age, sex, female sex hormones and thyroid cancer

Guoqiang Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS (2012)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Changes in Antigen-specific IgG1 Fc N-glycosylation Upon Influenza and Tetanus Vaccination

Maurice H. J. Selman et al.

MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS (2012)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Anti-inflammatory activity of IgG1 mediated by Fc galactosylation and association of FcγRIIB and dectin-1

Christian M. Karsten et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2012)

Article Rheumatology

Galectin 3 Aggravates Joint Inflammation and Destruction in Antigen-Induced Arthritis

Huamei Forsman et al.

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM (2011)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

IgG Fc N-Glycosylation Changes in Lambed-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome and Myasthenia Gravis

Maurice H. J. Selman et al.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH (2011)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Fc-Glycosylation of IgG1 is Modulated by B-cell Stimuli

Jun Wang et al.

MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS (2011)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Intravenous gammaglobulin suppresses inflammation through a novel TH2 pathway

Robert M. Anthony et al.

NATURE (2011)

Article Rheumatology

Mannose-binding lectin does not explain the course and outcome of pregnancy in rheumatoid arthritis

Fleur E. van de Geijn et al.

ARTHRITIS RESEARCH & THERAPY (2011)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Genetics and the environment converge to dysregulate N-glycosylation in multiple sclerosis

Haik Mkhikian et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2011)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The glycosylation of human synovial lubricin: implications for its role in inflammation

Ruby P. Estrella et al.

BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2010)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Precision Mapping of an In Vivo N-Glycoproteome Reveals Rigid Topological and Sequence Constraints

Dorota F. Zielinska et al.

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status is associated with Crohn's disease

Dermot P. B. McGovern et al.

HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS (2010)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Glycosylation of surface Ig creates a functional bridge between human follicular lymphoma and microenvironmental lectins

Vania Coelho et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2010)

Letter Multidisciplinary Sciences

DC-SIGN and α2,6-sialylated IgG Fc interaction is dispensable for the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIg on human dendritic cells

Jagadeesh Bayry et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2009)

Review Immunology

Protein-glycan interactions in the control of innate and adaptive immune responses

Yvette van Kooyk et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2008)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

In vivo enzymatic modulation of IgG glycosylation inhibits autoimmune disease in an IgG subclass-dependent manner

Heike Albert et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2008)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

IgG glycan hydrolysis by a bacterial enzyme as a therapy against autoimmune conditions

Mattias Collin et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2008)

Review Immunology

Mammalian glycosylation in immunity

Jamey D. Marth et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2008)

Article Immunology

Endoglycosidase treatment abrogates IgG arthritogenicity: Importance of IgG glycosylation in arthritis

Kutty Selva Nandakumar et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2007)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Agalactosylated IgG antibodies depend on cellular Fc receptors for in vivo activity

Falk Nimmerjahn et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2007)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Human follicular lymphoma cells contain oligomannose glycans in the antigen-binding site of the B-cell receptor

Catherine M. Radcliffe et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2007)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Galactosylation of IgG from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients - changes during therapy

Marta Pasek et al.

GLYCOCONJUGATE JOURNAL (2006)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The carbohydrate at FcγRIIIa Asn-162 -: an element required for high affinity binding to non-fucosylated IgG glycoforms

C Ferrara et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2006)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Glycans in cancer and inflammation. Potential for therapeutics and diagnostics

DH Dube et al.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2005)

Article Pediatrics

Sisters with α-mannosidosis and systemic lupus erythematosus

M Urushihara et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS (2004)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The effect of TNF-α on glycosylation pathways in bovine synoviocytes

XJ Yang et al.

BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY (2004)

Article Rheumatology

Galectin 3 and its binding protein in rheumatoid arthritis

S Ohshima et al.

ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM (2003)

Article Immunology

Hypogalactosylation of serum IgG in patients with ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis

M Holland et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2002)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Negative regulation of T-cell activation and autoimmunity by Mgat5 N-glycosylation

M Demetriou et al.

NATURE (2001)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Genetic remodeling of protein glycosylation in vivo induces autoimmune disease

D Chui et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2001)