4.6 Review

The gut microbiome and hypertension

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Quantifying the impact of gut microbiota on inflammation and hypertensive organ damage

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Summary: This study investigated the impact of microbial colonization on organ damage in hypertension using germ-free and colonized mice models. The results showed that the kidney is more sensitive to microbial influence, and the colonization status is associated with circulating metabolites and inflammatory cells relevant to hypertension.

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Gut Microbiome and Neuroinflammation in Hypertension

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Summary: Hypertension is a global health problem with significant impacts on morbidity, mortality, and healthcare resource utilization. The prevalence of hypertension is increasing, affecting nearly 50% of American adults. Despite the availability of multiple antihypertensive drugs and lifestyle modifications, blood pressure control remains inadequate in about 1 in 5 hypertensive individuals. This review discusses the hypothesis of the gut-brain axis in hypertension, highlighting the involvement of gut physiology, gut microbiota, and neuroinflammation. The dysfunction of this axis contributes to hypertension through inflammatory mediators, metabolites, gut bacteria, and altered afferent information, leading to neuroinflammation and dysregulated autonomic nervous system activity. Understanding these mechanisms could potentially lead to more effective treatments for hypertension.

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Combined effects of host genetics and diet on human gut microbiota and incident disease in a single population cohort

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Summary: A study conducted on a large population-based cohort of 5,959 Finnish individuals identified genetic variations associated with gut microbial abundances. The study found 567 independent SNP-taxon associations, including associations with LCT, ABO, and MED13L genes. The findings shed light on the complex interactions between host genetics and gut microbiota, and their potential role in disease development.

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Challenges and future directions for studying effects of host genetics on the gut microbiome

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Summary: This Perspective discusses the analytical challenges of heterogeneity and power in microbial genome-wide association studies (mbGWAS) and suggests potential future directions for genetic analysis of the microbiome. Despite the fact that interindividual variations in gut microbial composition are mainly influenced by environmental factors, some gut microorganisms are heritable and can be affected by host genetics. Although over 12 mbGWAS studies with more than 1,000 participants have been published in the past 5 years, only a few genetic loci have been consistently identified across multiple studies.

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Effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome in 7,738 participants of the Dutch Microbiome Project

Esteban A. Lopera-Maya et al.

Summary: Host genetics influence the gut microbiome, with the LCT and ABO genes showing significant associations with microbial composition and function. The associations at the LCT locus are modulated by lactose intake, while those at ABO can be explained by participant secretor status determined by their FUT2 genotype. Further loci also show potential associations with microbial taxa and pathways. Larger sample sizes are needed to fully understand the effects of host genetics on the gut microbiome.

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Public human microbiome data are dominated by highly developed countries

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Summary: The human gastrointestinal tract is home to a large microbial community called gut microbiota, which plays important roles in immune function, nutrient absorption, and protection against pathogens. The interaction between gut microbiota and various organs within the human body is bidirectional, and microbial alteration has been shown to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Understanding the mechanisms behind gut microbial symbiosis/dysbiosis is crucial for clinical and health fields.

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Beyond the gastrointestinal tract: oral and sex-specific skin microbiota are associated with hypertension in rats with genetic disparities

Xue Mei et al.

Summary: The current understanding of the link between microbiota and hypertension is limited to the gut, but this study explores the contributions of oral and skin microbiota. The study reveals that oral Actinobacteria and skin Cyanobacteria are beneficial for lowering blood pressure.

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How Dietary Fibre, Acting via the Gut Microbiome, Lowers Blood Pressure

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Summary: A high-fibre diet lowers blood pressure through gut microbiome metabolites, preventing cardiovascular disease, but the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Lack of dietary fibre can lead to changes in gut microbiota and increased blood pressure.

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Association Between the Gut Microbiome and Their Metabolites With Human Blood Pressure Variability

Evany Dinakis et al.

Summary: This study found that the diversity of the gut microbiome, levels of microbial metabolites, and specific bacteria were associated with blood pressure variability. Alistipesfinegoldii and Lactobacillus were associated with lower blood pressure variability, while Prevotella and Clostridium were associated with higher blood pressure variability.

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Identification of a Gut Commensal That Compromises the Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect of Ester Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Tao Yang et al.

Summary: This study reveals that gut microbiota can catabolize antihypertensive medications and compromise their blood pressure-lowering effects. Specifically, C. comes, a species in the bacterial genus Coprococcus, catabolizes ester ACE inhibitors through esterase activity, leading to reduced antihypertensive effects. This finding provides a new mechanistic explanation for the low efficacy of antihypertensive medications in hypertensive individuals.

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Summary: Industrial advances have led to a significant reduction in diversity in our gut microbiome, making us more susceptible to diseases. Rewilding the human gut microbiome has been a hot topic of debate, and this article proposes an alternative solution of rejuvenating the gut microbiome through stool banking and autologous fecal microbiota transplantation.

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Moderation of gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism by chlorogenic acid improves high-fructose-induced salt-sensitive hypertension in mice

Qing Zhu et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that chlorogenic acid (CGA) attenuates high-fructose-induced hypertension in mice by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. The structure of the gut microbiota was changed by CGA, resulting in an enrichment of Klebsiella species. CGA and CGA-enriched Klebsiella oxytoca enhanced the expression of colonic Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and modulated bile acid metabolism, leading to enriched bile acids in the serum of mice fed high-fructose and high-salt diet.

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The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders

Livia H. Morais et al.

Summary: This Review discusses the intricate and potentially important connections between the gut microbiota and the brain, involving bidirectional communication along the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests that disruptions in microbial communities may be implicated in neurological disorders, with animal models providing valuable insights into the pathways linking the gut and the brain which could have tangible impacts on human health.

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Gut permeability is associated with hypertension and measures of obesity but not with Endothelial Dysfunction in South African youth

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Large-scale association analyses identify host factors influencing human gut microbiome composition

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Risk Factors for Intestinal Barrier Impairment in Patients With Essential Hypertension

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Summary: Recent technological advances have improved the identification of microbiota bacterial species and their impact on health and disease. Intestinal dysbiosis is closely linked to the development of various renal diseases and pathologies, with the gastrointestinal-kidney dialogue playing a significant role in their pathogenesis. Investigating this interconnection represents a cutting-edge area of research with potential implications for human health.

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Restructuring the Gut Microbiota by Intermittent Fasting Lowers Blood Pressure

Huanan Shi et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that intermittent fasting can alter the gut microbiota and reduce blood pressure, while identifying microbial influenced metabolites as potential mediators in the regulation of host blood pressure.

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Reporting guidelines for human microbiome research: the STORMS checklist

Chloe Mirzayi et al.

Summary: The STORMS tool is a reporting guideline for human microbiome studies, consisting of a 17-item checklist to help researchers report study results concisely and completely, facilitating manuscript preparation, peer review, and reader comprehension.

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Leveraging diet to engineer the gut microbiome

Mathis Wolter et al.

Summary: Autoimmune diseases share patterns of gut microbiome perturbation and immune dysregulation linked to intestinal barrier dysfunction. Dietary tools for precise engineering of the gut microbiome have the potential to modulate host-microbiome interaction in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

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Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites

Sweta Ghosh et al.

Summary: This review discusses the recent advances in understanding the role of gut microbial metabolites in regulating intestinal barrier function. While the mechanisms of action of these metabolites are still being explored, they likely impact gut barrier function through shared pathways. Utilizing beneficial microbiota and their metabolites to restore pathophysiological balance may prove to be a valuable therapeutic tool amidst advancing technology and expanding knowledge.

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Mechanotransduction in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells: role of mechanosensitive ion channels

Vikram Joshi et al.

Summary: Mechanosensation is crucial for gastrointestinal function, with various cell types in the GI tract sensing and transducing mechanical forces into physiological responses. Mechanosensitive cells like sensory neurons and smooth muscle cells play important roles in detecting and responding to mechanical stimuli. This process involves mechano-gated and mechanosensitive ion channels, contributing to rapid mechanotransduction responses.

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Determining Gut Microbial Dysbiosis: a Review of Applied Indexes for Assessment of Intestinal Microbiota Imbalances

Shaodong Wei et al.

Summary: This paper lists various types of dysbiosis indexes identified in the literature, introduces their methodology, categorizes them, and discusses their potential descriptive and clinical applications as well as their limitations. The focus is on the methodological approaches available to determine and quantify the dysbiosis condition, rather than on the implications of dysbiosis for disease.

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David G. Harrison et al.

Summary: Dr. Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of Hypertension in the 1940s, advocating that hypertension is the result of many interacting factors. Over the years, new concepts have arisen that allow further refinements of the theory, emphasizing the interdependence of various nodes.

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Vienna E. Brunt et al.

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Jacob T. Nearing et al.

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Essential Hypertension Is Associated With Changes in Gut Microbial Metabolic Pathways A Multisite Analysis of Ambulatory Blood Pressure

Michael Nakai et al.

Summary: Recent evidence supports a role for gut microbiota in hypertension, but the association between ambulatory blood pressure and gut microbiota remains unclear. This study characterized gut microbiota function, metabolites, and receptors in untreated hypertensive participants in Australia, finding significant differences in microbial gene pathways and metabolites in hypertensive subjects. Contrary to expectations, microbial diversity did not change in essential hypertension.

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Bin Zhou et al.

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