4.8 Review

Active therapy based on the byproducts of micro/nanomotors

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Medical micro- and nanomotors in the body

Huaan Li et al.

Summary: Attributed to their miniaturized body size and active mobility, micro-and nanomotors (MNMs) have displayed significant potential for medical applications. However, addressing critical issues such as cost-effective fabrication, integration of multiple functions, biocompatibility, biodegradability, controlled propulsion, and in vivo navigation requires substantial efforts. In this review, we summarize the advancements of biomedical MNMs over the past two decades, focusing on design, fabrication, propulsion, navigation, as well as their abilities for barrier penetration, biosensing, diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery, and targeted cargo delivery. Future perspectives and challenges are also discussed. This review lays the foundation for the future development of medical MNMs, taking a step forward towards practical theranostics using MNMs.

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Magnetic Nanorobots as Maneuverable Immunoassay Probes for Automated and Efficient Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Yong Wang et al.

Summary: This study introduces a novel approach using MNRs as maneuverable immunoassay probes to achieve automated and efficient ELISA analysis, significantly reducing assay time and minimizing manpower input.

ACS NANO (2022)

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Nanosized Janus AuNR-Pt Motor for Enhancing NIR-II Photoacoustic Imaging of Deep Tumor and Pt2+ Ion-Based Chemotherapy

Qingqing Li et al.

Summary: A nanosized hydrogen peroxide-driven Janus gold nanorod-platinum nanomotor was developed for deep tissue imaging and tumor treatment, showing enhanced cellular uptake and effective antitumor effects.

ACS NANO (2022)

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Jiatong Lv et al.

Summary: This review highlights the multifunctional roles of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in thrombus therapy, including visual diagnosis, thrombolytic therapy, and prevention of thrombosis and re-embolism. The superior optical properties, surface plasmon resonance, and biocompatibility of AuNPs make them effective in all stages of thrombus treatment. The application prospects of AuNPs and optimization strategies of their nanocomposites are also discussed.

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Bubble-Propelled Janus Gallium/Zinc Micromotors for the Active Treatment of Bacterial Infections

Zhihua Lin et al.

Summary: This study presents a bubble-propelled Janus gallium/zinc (Ga/Zn) micromotor with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, which can actively target bacteria for treatment. The micromotors exhibit self-propulsion in simulated gastroenteric acid and enhanced antibacterial efficiency against H. pylori compared to passive Ga microparticles. The Ga/Zn micromotors combine self-propulsion, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and Ga-based antibacterial properties, showing promise for active treatment of bacterial infections.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

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Magnesium-Based Micromotors as Hydrogen Generators for Precise Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy

Cong Xu et al.

Summary: Hydrogen therapy is a promising strategy for inflammation-related diseases, but its efficacy is limited due to nonpolarity and low solubility. A biocompatible magnesium micromotor coated with hyaluronic acid was developed as a hydrogen generator, showing great potential for rheumatoid arthritis therapy by producing hydrogen bubbles for motion and scavenging reactive oxygen species and inflammation. Through ultrasound-guided intra-articular injection, the micromotors effectively relieved oxidative stress, reduced inflammation cytokines, and ameliorated joint damage, showing prominent therapeutic efficacy.

NANO LETTERS (2021)

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Anlong Liu et al.

Summary: The detachable microneedle array designed in this study effectively delivered exosomes modified by a nitric oxide nanomotor to the injury site, enhancing the accumulation of exosomes and demonstrating significant potential in treating Achilles tendinopathy.

ACS NANO (2021)

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Fundamentals and applications of enzyme powered micro/nano-motors

Hao Yuan et al.

Summary: Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are miniaturized machines capable of converting various forms of energy into mechanical motion. Enzyme-powered micro/nanomotors (EMNMs) utilize enzymes as biocatalysts to provide driving force, offering great biocompatibility in biomedical applications. EMNMs can be endowed with multiple functionalities to accomplish tasks on demand.

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Yueqi Yang et al.

Summary: Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key regulatory role in many physiological and pathological processes, and NO gas therapy has attracted increasing attention as a promising treatment method. Despite efforts to develop various NO donors, controlling the long-term release of NO remains challenging. Through support from nanomaterials, spatial and temporal controlled release of NO can be achieved.

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Biomimetic Micromotor Enables Active Delivery of Antigens for Oral Vaccination

Xiaoli Wei et al.

NANO LETTERS (2019)

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Ana C. Hortelao et al.

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Erythrocyte Membrane Modified Janus Polymeric Motors for Thrombus Therapy

Jingxin Shao et al.

ACS NANO (2018)

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Emil Karshalev et al.

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Enzyme-Powered Nanobots Enhance Anticancer Drug Delivery

Ana C. Hortelao et al.

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Glucose-Responsive Sequential Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide for Synergistic Cancer Starving-Like/Gas Therapy

Wenpei Fan et al.

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NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2017)

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Leilei Xu et al.

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Fei Peng et al.

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Highly Efficient Light-Driven TiO2-Au Janus Micromotors

Renfeng Dong et al.

ACS NANO (2016)

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Medibots: Dual-Action Biogenic Microdaggers for Single-Cell Surgery and Drug Release

Sarvesh Kumar Srivastava et al.

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Samuel Sanchez et al.

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Yongjun Chen et al.

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Michael J. Maroney et al.

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Toward in vivo detection of hydrogen peroxide with ultrasound molecular imaging

Emilia S. Olson et al.

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Hydrogen-Bubble-Propelled Zinc-Based Microrockets in Strongly Acidic Media

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