Nanomodulators targeting tumor-resident immunosuppressive cells: Mechanisms and recent updates

Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) severely hinders the therapeutic outcome of cancer immunotherapy. The failure of clinical therapeutics and the poor prognosis are intimately correlated with the local immune suppression at the tumor site. In recent years, the pro-tumoral effects provided by tumor -resident immunosuppressive cells have received increasing attention. In this review, rationally designed nanomodulators that target tumor-resident immunosuppressive cells (ISCs), including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), myeloid -derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and regulatory B cells (Bregs), are reviewed. With each type of ISCs, we first introduce its basic physiological and immunological functions, and then we surveyed recent therapeutic strategies targeting the specific cell type. Current challenges and future per-spectives regarding translation are elucidated at last.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This review explores the rational design of nanomodulators to target tumor-resident immunosuppressive cells and provides an overview of the basic functions and therapeutic strategies for each cell type. Challenges and future research perspectives are also discussed.