On the masses, age, and architecture of the VHS J1256-1257AB b system

VHS J1256-1257 AB is an ultracool dwarf binary that hosts a wide-separation planetary-mass companion that is a key target of the JWST Exoplanet Early Release Science programme. Using Keck adaptive optics imaging and aperture masking interferometry, we have determined the host binary's orbit (a = 1.96 +/- 0.03 au, P = 7.31 +/- 0.02 yr, e = 0.883 +/- 0.003) and measured its dynamical total mass (0.141 +/- 0.008 M-circle dot). This total mass is consistent with VHS J1256-1257 AB being a brown dwarf binary or pair of very low-mass stars. In addition, we measured the orbital motion of VHS J1256-1257 b with respect to the barycentre of VHS J1256-1257 AB, finding that the wide companion's orbit is also eccentric (e=0.68(-0.10)(+0.11)), with a mutual inclination of 115 degrees +/- 14 degrees with respect to the central binary. This orbital architecture is consistent with VHS J1256-1257 b attaining a significant mutual inclination through dynamical scattering and thereafter driving Kozai-Lidov cycles to pump the eccentricity of VHS J1256-1257 AB. We derive a cooling age of 140 +/- 20 Myr for VHS J1256-1257 AB from low-mass stellar/substellar evolutionary models. At this age, the luminosity of VHS J1256-1257 b is consistent with both deuterium-inert and deuterium-fusing evolutionary tracks. We thus find a bimodal probability distribution for the mass of VHS J1256-1257 b, either 12.0 +/- 0.1 M-Jup or 16 +/- 1 M-Jup, from these models. Future spectroscopic data to measure isotopologues such as HDO and CH3D could break this degeneracy and provide a strong test of substellar models at the deuterium-fusion mass boundary.

Automated summary

VHS J1256-1257 AB is an ultracool dwarf binary with a wide-separation planetary-mass companion. The binary's orbit (a = 1.96 +/- 0.03 au, P = 7.31 +/- 0.02 yr, e = 0.883 +/- 0.003) and total mass (0.141 +/- 0.008 M-circle dot) have been determined. The wide companion's orbit is eccentric (e=0.68(-0.10)(+0.11)) and has a mutual inclination of 115 degrees +/- 14 degrees with respect to the central binary. The cooling age of VHS J1256-1257 AB is estimated to be 140 +/- 20 Myr. The mass of VHS J1256-1257 b is found to have a bimodal probability distribution, either 12.0 +/- 0.1 M-Jup or 16 +/- 1 M-Jup.