4.6 Review

Review on Extraction, Modification, and Synthesis of Natural Peptides and Their Beneficial Effects on Skin

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Amphibian-derived peptide homodimer promotes regeneration of skin wounds

Yang Fu et al.

Summary: OA-GP11d, a naturally occurring peptide dimer identified from the odorous frog, promotes skin wound repair in mice through multiple mechanisms including cell migration promotion and inflammation inhibition. This discovery highlights the potential of amphibians as sources of novel pro-healing agents.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2022)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Opposing Roles of Antimicrobial Peptides in Skin Cancers

Chanisa Kiatsurayanon et al.

Summary: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play important roles in skin defense and may have both pro-tumor and anti-tumor properties.

CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antimicrobial-wound healing peptides: Dual-function molecules for the treatment of skin injuries

Guilherme Sastre de Souza et al.

Summary: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have dual functionality in combating chronic wounds, with potential efficacy in controlling microbial proliferation and uncontrolled inflammation. Researchers can take advantage of this underexplored field, utilizing these dual-function peptides alone or in combination with other wound healing strategies.

PEPTIDES (2022)

Review Dermatology

The Skin's Barrier: A Cryo-EM Based Overview of its Architecture and Stepwise Formation

Lars Norlen et al.

Summary: The skin's barrier, composed of a lipid structure in the stratum corneum, plays a crucial role in protecting the body from the environment. Recent advancements in cryo-EM have allowed for a better understanding of the architecture and formation process of this barrier.

JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY (2022)

Review Food Science & Technology

A review on the application of bioactive peptides as preservatives and functional ingredients in food model systems

Ayesha Sarker

Summary: The increasing demand for health-promoting foods has led to a search for alternative peptide sources. Bioactive peptides derived from unconventional sources such as agro-industrial wastes, insects, marine, and plant RuBisCo have potential applications as food additives and functional ingredients. These peptides have the ability to regulate oxidation and microbial spoilage in food products, as well as treat or prevent chronic and lifestyle diseases. However, there are challenges in the identification, isolation, and widespread application of bioactive peptides. Innovative research in this field can bring multiple benefits to consumers, food processors, and nutraceutical industries.

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION (2022)

Article Chemistry, Applied

A novel peptide from the skin of amphibian Rana limnocharis with potency to promote skin wound repair

Siyuan Wang et al.

Summary: A new peptide RL-RL10 with amino acid sequence 'RLFKCWKKDS' was identified from the skin of an amphibian frog species, which promoted wound healing of human keratinocytes and had an effect on the migration and proliferation of cells. The peptide also promoted healing of full-thickness wounds in mice in a dose-dependent manner, providing a new template for the development of novel wound-repairing drugs.

NATURAL PRODUCT RESEARCH (2021)

Article Dermatology

Self-Assembled Nanomaterials for Chronic Skin Wound Healing

Hwan June Kang et al.

Summary: Chronic wounds are a significant burden on the U.S. health care system, requiring more effective treatments. Self-assembled nanomaterials offer new therapeutic options, but customization is needed to address different types of chronic wounds. Future studies should explore combinations of self-assembled nanomaterials to fully utilize their multifunctional properties.

ADVANCES IN WOUND CARE (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Derivatives of gecko cathelicidin-related antioxidant peptide facilitate skin wound healing

Shasha Cai et al.

Summary: A novel Cathelicidin, Gj-CATH3, was identified from Gekko japonicas, showing potent antioxidant activity. Through designing analogues, two truncated peptides demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and significant wound healing properties, with decreased cytotoxicity and hemolytic activities compared to Gj-CATH3.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Review Engineering, Biomedical

Skin wound healing assisted by angiogenic targeted tissue engineering: A comprehensive review of bioengineered approaches

Shirin Nour et al.

Summary: This article provides a comprehensive overview of current and emerging angiogenesis induction methods for skin regeneration, aiming to accelerate wound healing. These methods are classified into cell-based, growth factor-based, scaffold-based, and biological/chemical compound-based strategies. The advantages and disadvantages of these angiogenic strategies are discussed along with relevant research examples to demonstrate their potential in wound treatment.

JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A novel anionic cathelicidin lacking direct antimicrobial activity but with potent anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities from the salamander Tylototriton kweichowensis

Xuanjin Luo et al.

Summary: TK-CATH is a novel anionic cathelicidin identified from the skin of the salamander, which exhibits strong anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities, but lacks direct antimicrobial activity. It plays important roles in both the inflammatory and new tissue formation phases of wound repair.

BIOCHIMIE (2021)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Isolation of Acetylated and Unmodified Protein N-Terminal Peptides by Strong Cation Exchange Chromatographic Separation of TrypN-Digested Peptides

Chih-Hsiang Chang et al.

Summary: The method developed allows for rapid enrichment of protein N-terminal peptides by utilizing TrypN protease and strong cation exchange chromatography. It successfully identified acetylated and unmodified protein N-terminal peptides with minimal contamination in a single LC/MS/MS run, making it a promising tool for comprehensive profiling of protein N-termini.

MOLECULAR & CELLULAR PROTEOMICS (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Discovery of a novel short peptide with efficacy in accelerating the healing of skin wounds

Ying Wang et al.

Summary: Despite challenges in skin wound treatment, a novel short peptide RL-QN15 from frog skin secretions was discovered to accelerate wound healing in mice by modulating cytokine secretion and activating signaling pathways. This peptide showed therapeutic potency against chronic wounds, skin fibrosis, and oral ulcers, highlighting its potential as a candidate for novel pro-healing agents.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2021)

Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Exploring and exploiting plant cyclic peptides for drug discovery and development

Jingjing Zhang et al.

Summary: Natural peptides, including plant cyclic peptides, have become a significant resource for therapeutic development, with the latter's potential largely unexplored. Plant cyclic peptides, known for their rigid structures and good bioavailability, are promising candidates for drug development. Utilizing genome information from various plants can aid in the rapid discovery of new cyclic peptides, leading to the exploration of more peptide drugs derived from plants.

MEDICINAL RESEARCH REVIEWS (2021)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

A novel amphibian-derived peptide alleviated ultraviolet B-induced photodamage in mice

Xinping Zhang et al.

Summary: The peptide OM-GL15 derived from the skin of the green odorous frog showed antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals, reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+, and alleviating UVB-induced skin photodamage. It also protected epidermal cells from UVB-induced apoptosis by inhibiting DNA damage and regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. These findings suggest the potential application of amphibian skin-derived peptides for protection against UVB-induced photodamage.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Synthesis of six-membered carbocyclic ring ?,?-disubstituted amino acids and arginine-rich peptides to investigate the effect of ring size on the properties of the peptide

Takuma Kato et al.

Summary: The introduction of dAAs containing both natural and unnatural amino acids can enhance the cellular uptake and membrane permeability of novel CPPs. The size of the dAA ring has a significant impact on cellular uptake, while the number of carbon atoms in the side chain ring has minimal effect.

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles carrying peptide RL-QN15 show potential for skin wound therapy

Pan Qin et al.

Summary: The study demonstrated that nanocomposites of MPDA and RL-QN15 have significantly enhanced prohealing potency compared to RL-QN15 alone in treating full-thickness injured wounds and burn wounds in mice, and increased loading could enhance the prohealing activities of RL-QN15 in full-thickness injured wounds in swine.

JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Chemistry, Applied

Isolation, characterization and molecular docking of novel umami and umami-enhancing peptides from Ruditapes philippinarum

Yue Zhang et al.

Summary: Fourteen novel umami peptides were isolated and identified from Ruditapes philippinarum, with KSAEN and QIEELEGK having higher sensory evaluations, and PAATIPE and HNESQN showing the best umami-enhancing taste in a 0.35% MSG solution. Molecular docking showed that certain amino acids may play important roles in the interaction of peptides with taste receptors, contributing to the umami taste of the shellfish.

FOOD CHEMISTRY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Functionalized Peptide Fibrils as a Scaffold for Active Substances in Wound Healing

Justyna Sawicka et al.

Summary: The study designed peptide scaffolds that promote regeneration, meet stability requirements, and release active sequences. Experimental results showed that the designed hybrid peptides have a high tendency for fibril formation and do not cause cytotoxic effects.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Oviductus Ranae Protein Hydrolyzed by Different Proteases

Shihan Wang et al.

Summary: This study found that the antioxidant activity of Oviductus Ranae protein was significantly improved after hydrolysis by different proteases, with the protein hydrolysate hydrolyzed by pepsin for 180 minutes showing the strongest antioxidant activity, making it suitable for the production of antioxidant peptides.

MOLECULES (2021)

Review Cell Biology

The PI3K/Akt Pathway: Emerging Roles in Skin Homeostasis and a Group of Non-Malignant Skin Disorders

Yan Teng et al.

Summary: The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as in skin development and homeostasis. Dysregulation of this pathway is linked to various human cutaneous malignancies and non-malignant skin disorders. Understanding the dysfunction of the PI3K/Akt pathway has led to advancements in identifying therapeutic targets for non-malignant skin disorders.
Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evaluation of antimicrobial and anticancer activities of three peptides identified from the skin secretion of Hylarana latouchii

Yan Lin et al.

Summary: The skins of frogs from the family Ranidae are rich sources of biologically active peptides, including antimicrobial peptides with potential anticancer activities. These peptides can induce bacterial death by disrupting cell membranes and binding to bacterial DNA, while also showing different potencies towards human cancer cell lines.

ACTA BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA SINICA (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Therapeutic Peptides as Emerging Options to Restore Misguided Host Defence and Homeostasis: From Teaching to Concept to Clinic

Oliver Schwardt et al.

Summary: Peptides have become a particularly attractive option for academic drug discovery and development due to their modular structure, extendibility, availability of screening platforms, and ease-of-synthesis. The Molecular Pharmacy group at the University of Basel focuses on the therapeutic modulation of host defense pathways using peptides, introducing students to practical aspects of drug design and discovering novel therapeutics for immune and inflammatory diseases. The versatile and promising nature of peptide-based drugs has created a perfect circle between pharmaceutical research and education, with recent clinical applications increasing their value and relevance.

CHIMIA (2021)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Characterization of Synthetic Peptide Therapeutics Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Challenges, Solutions, Pitfalls, and Future Perspectives

Zhirui Lian et al.

Summary: Synthetic peptides are subject to complex structural modifications and impurities, with mass spectrometry being used to characterize them. This paper provides an overview of impurities in synthetic peptide therapeutics and discusses how knowledge from detailed impurity characterization can be used to develop manufacturing processes and control strategies.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thymoquinone, extract from Nigella sativa seeds, protects human skin keratinocytes against UVA-irradiated oxidative stress, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction

Junfang Liang et al.

Summary: The study showed that TQ could improve UVA-induced skin cell injury by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as reversing cell apoptosis caused by mitochondrial dysregulation. TQ exerted its therapeutic effect by activating the NrF2/ARE pathway and inhibiting COX-2.

MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Discovery of Antioxidant Peptides from Amphibians: A Review

Gui-Zhu Feng et al.

Summary: Bioactive peptide drugs have gained attention due to challenges in developing new drug structures, and the role of antioxidant peptides in combating oxidative stress-related diseases is worth exploring. Amphibians are a major source of antioxidant peptides, and studying the physicochemical properties of antioxidant peptides in amphibians can provide insights for research and application.

PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE LETTERS (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antitumorigenic effect of insect-derived peptide poecilocorisin-1 in human skin cancer cells through regulation of Sp1 transcription factor

Ra Ham Lee et al.

Summary: This study identified the insect-derived peptide PCC-1 as a potential anticancer agent for melanoma, demonstrating its effects on antiproliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in melanoma cells. The research also revealed a novel anticancer mechanism through the regulation of the transcription factor Sp1 protein by insect-derived peptides.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunomodulatory Properties of Host Defence Peptides in Skin Wound Healing

Marija Petkovic et al.

Summary: Cutaneous wound healing is a crucial biological process, with chronic wounds often arising from persistent inflammatory conditions caused by factors such as autoimmune diseases. Host defense peptides play a significant role in modulating immune skin function and offer potential for inspiring topical treatments for chronic wounds.

BIOMOLECULES (2021)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Antibacterial Photodynamic Gold Nanoparticles for Skin Infection

Lin Qiu et al.

Summary: This study successfully synthesized antibacterial photodynamic gold nanoparticles (AP-AuNPs) that showed significant antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as inhibited bacterial growth and biofilm formation in vitro. The use of AP-AuNPs as wound-dressing nanomaterial in skin infections to promote wound healing presents a promising strategy in the management of bacterial infections resulting from damaged skin tissue, a field that has not been fully explored by peers.

ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS (2021)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Skin wound healing with composite biomembranes loaded by tiopronin or captopril

Katarina Valachova et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Low molecular polypeptide from oyster hydrolysate recovers photoaging in SKH-1 hairless mice

Joon Sok Bang et al.

TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Exposed CendR Domain in Homing Peptide Yields Skin-Targeted Therapeutic in Epidermolysis Bullosa

Toini Pemmari et al.

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2020)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Separation and identification of enzyme inhibition peptides from dark tea protein

Bingli Zhao et al.

BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2020)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Skin Barrier Repair in Individuals with Atopic Dermatitis

Hai Le Thanh Nguyen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

Review Cell Biology

Peptides from Animal Origin: A Systematic Review on Biological Sources and Effects on Skin Wounds

Raul Santos Alves et al.

OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY (2020)

Article Immunology

Tolerogenic Immunomodulation by PEGylated Antigenic Peptides

Jennifer Pfeil et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Review Immunology

Design and Assessment of Anti-Biofilm Peptides: Steps Toward Clinical Application

Melanie Dostert et al.

JOURNAL OF INNATE IMMUNITY (2019)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Accelerated Wound Healing Induced by a Novel Amphibian Peptide (OA-FF10)

Naixin Liu et al.

PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE LETTERS (2019)

Review Cell & Tissue Engineering

Skin tissue regeneration for burn injury

Anastasia Shpichka et al.

STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY (2019)

Review Engineering, Biomedical

Crafting Polymeric and Peptidic Hydrogels for Improved Wound Healing

David Stern et al.

ADVANCED HEALTHCARE MATERIALS (2019)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Drug therapies and delivery mechanisms to treat perturbed skin wound healing

Jiah Shin Chin et al.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2019)

Review Food Science & Technology

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Peptides Extracted from Meat By-products: a Review

Paula Borrajo et al.

FOOD ANALYTICAL METHODS (2019)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

ZnO Nanoparticles Modified with an Amphipathic Peptide Show Improved Photoprotection in Skin

Anusha Aditya et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2019)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Augmented therapeutic efficacy of 5-fluorouracil in conjunction with lantibiotic nisin against skin cancer

Komal Rana et al.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A systematic reconsideration on proteases

Poorani Gurumallesh et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2019)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure-informed separation of bioactive peptides

Caleb Acquah et al.

JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY (2019)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Therapeutic peptides: Historical perspectives, current development trends, and future directions

Jolene L. Lau et al.

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2018)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Peptide chemistry toolbox - Transforming natural peptides into peptide therapeutics

Milos Erak et al.

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2018)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

OA-GL21, a novel bioactive peptide from Odorrana andersonii, accelerated the healing of skin wounds

Wenxin Bian et al.

BIOSCIENCE REPORTS (2018)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Potential Use of Peptides in Cancer Treatment

Bahram Yavari et al.

CURRENT PROTEIN & PEPTIDE SCIENCE (2018)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Chitosan hydrogel in combination with marine peptides from tilapia for burns healing

Qian-Qian Ouyang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES (2018)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Isolation and Structural Characterization of Antioxidant Peptides from Degreased Apricot Seed Kernels

Haisheng Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL (2018)

Review Dermatology

Effects of a protein-free oat plantlet extract on microinflammation and skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis patients

A. Wollenberg et al.

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY (2018)

Article Cell Biology

Photoaging and skin cancer: Is the inflammasome the missing link?

Fawaz Awad et al.

MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT (2018)

Article Plant Sciences

Effectiveness of a Crocus sativus Extract on Burn Wounds in Rats

Esmat Alemzadeh et al.

PLANTA MEDICA (2018)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A frog cathelicidin peptide effectively promotes cutaneous wound healing in mice

Jing Wu et al.

BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL (2018)

Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide facilitates wound healing by activating PI3K/Akt pathway in keratinocytes

Konosuke Nagae et al.

DIABETES RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE (2018)

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In vitro studies to evaluate the wound healing properties of Calendula officinalis extracts

Christoph Nicolaus et al.

JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY (2017)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Protein and Peptide Biopharmaceuticals: An Overview

Dominic Agyei et al.

PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE LETTERS (2017)

Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Virus-Derived Peptides for Clinical Applications

Mingying Yang et al.

CHEMICAL REVIEWS (2017)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Identification and characterization of a novel antioxidant peptide from feather keratin hydrolysate

Min-Yuan Wan et al.

BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2016)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reactive Center Loop (RCL) Peptides Derived from Serpins Display Independent Coagulation and Immune Modulating Activities

Sriram Ambadapadi et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2016)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Insect antimicrobial peptides: potential tools for the prevention of skin cancer

Miray Tonk et al.

APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2016)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Oxidative stress and antioxidant strategies in dermatology

Jinok Baek et al.

REDOX REPORT (2016)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Peptide therapeutics: current status and future directions

Keld Fosgerau et al.

DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY (2015)

Article Agriculture, Multidisciplinary

Flavourzyme, an Enzyme Preparation with Industrial Relevance: Automated Nine-Step Purification and Partial Characterization of Eight Enzymes

Michael Merz et al.

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY (2015)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Smac-Derived Aza-Peptide As an Aminopeptidase-Resistant XIAP BIR3 Antagonist

Mohamed A. Elsawy et al.

PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE LETTERS (2015)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration

Loren Pickart et al.

BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2015)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A potential wound-healing-promoting peptide from salamander skin

Lixian Mu et al.

FASEB JOURNAL (2014)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A short peptide from frog skin accelerates diabetic wound healing

Han Liu et al.

FEBS JOURNAL (2014)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A potential wound healing-promoting peptide from frog skin

Han Liu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY (2014)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Amelioration of Radiation-induced Skin Injury by HIV-TAT-Mediated Protein Transduction of RP-I from Rana pleurade

Shuyu Zhang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (2014)

Review Dermatology

Attempts to accelerate wound healing

Akira Kasuya et al.

JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGICAL SCIENCE (2014)

Article Plant Sciences

Fengycin C Produced by Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0015

Valeska Villegas-Escobar et al.

JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS (2013)

Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Strategies for the Development of Conotoxins as New Therapeutic Leads

Ryan M. Brady et al.

MARINE DRUGS (2013)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Synthesis of N-methylated cyclic peptides

Jayanta Chatterjee et al.

NATURE PROTOCOLS (2012)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

NMEGylation: A Novel Modification to Enhance the Bioavailability of Therapeutic Peptides

Minyoung Park et al.

BIOPOLYMERS (2011)