Nanocellulose: A Fundamental Material for Science and Technology Applications

Recently, considerable interest has been focused on developing greener and biodegradable materials due to growing environmental concerns. Owing to their low cost, biodegradability, and good mechanical properties, plant fibers have substituted synthetic fibers in the preparation of composites. However, the poor interfacial adhesion due to the hydrophilic nature and high-water absorption limits the use of plant fibers as a reinforcing agent in polymer matrices. The hydrophilic nature of the plant fibers can be overcome by chemical treatments. Cellulose the most abundant natural polymer obtained from sources such as plants, wood, and bacteria has gained wider attention these days. Different methods, such as mechanical, chemical, and chemical treatments in combination with mechanical treatments, have been adopted by researchers for the extraction of cellulose from plants, bacteria, algae, etc. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) have been extracted and used for different applications such as food packaging, water purification, drug delivery, and in composites. In this review, updated information on the methods of isolation of nanocellulose, classification, characterization, and application of nanocellulose has been highlighted. The characteristics and the current status of cellulose-based fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the industry have also been discussed in detail.

Automated summary

Recently, there has been significant interest in the development of greener and biodegradable materials due to environmental concerns. Plant fibers have gained popularity as a substitute for synthetic fibers in composites due to their low cost, biodegradability, and good mechanical properties. However, the hydrophilic nature and high-water absorption of plant fibers limit their use as a reinforcing agent in polymer matrices. Chemical treatments can help overcome this limitation. Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer obtained from various sources, has received increased attention. Different methods, such as mechanical and chemical treatments, have been adopted by researchers to extract cellulose from plants, bacteria, algae, etc. Nanocellulose, including cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and microcrystalline cellulose, has been extracted and used in various applications. This review provides updated information on the isolation, classification, characterization, and application of nanocellulose. It also discusses the characteristics and current status of cellulose-based fiber-reinforced polymer composites in the industry.