Impacts of Binary Oxide Nanoparticles on the Soybean Plant and Its Rhizosphere, Associated Phytohormones, and Enzymes

The utilization of binary oxide nanoparticles is geometrically increasing due to their numerous applications. Their intentional or accidental release after usage has led to their omnipresence in the environment. The usage of sludge or fertilizer containing binary oxide nanoparticles is likely to increase the chance of the plants being exposed to these binary oxide nanoparticles. The aim of the present review is to assess the detailed positive and negative impacts of these oxide nanoparticles on the soybean plants and its rhizosphere. In this study, methods of synthesizing binary oxide nanoparticles, as well as the merits and demerits of these methods, are discussed. Furthermore, various methods of characterizing the binary oxide nanoparticles in the tissues of soybean are highlighted. These characterization techniques help to track the nanoparticles inside the soybean plant. In addition, the assessment of rhizosphere microbial communities of soybean that have been exposed to these binary oxide nanoparticles is discussed. The impacts of binary oxide nanoparticles on the leaf, stem, root, seeds, and rhizosphere of soybean plant are comprehensively discussed. The impacts of binary oxides on the bioactive compounds such as phytohormones are also highlighted. Overall, it was observed that the impacts of the oxide nanoparticles on the soybean, rhizosphere, and bioactive compounds were dose-dependent. Lastly, the way forward on research involving the interactions of binary oxide nanoparticles and soybean plants is suggested.

Automated summary

The aim of this review is to assess the positive and negative impacts of binary oxide nanoparticles on soybean plants and its rhizosphere. The synthesis methods and their merits and demerits of binary oxide nanoparticles are discussed, along with various characterization techniques for tracking nanoparticles inside soybean. The evaluation of rhizosphere microbial communities and comprehensive discussion on the impacts of binary oxide nanoparticles on different parts of soybean plants are also presented. It is observed that the effects of oxide nanoparticles on soybean, rhizosphere, and bioactive compounds are dose-dependent. Lastly, future research directions on the interactions between binary oxide nanoparticles and soybean plants are suggested.