The synergistic flame-retardant behaviors of soybean oil phosphate-based polyols and modified ammonium polyphosphate in polyurethane foam

Article Materials Science, Composites

Facile synthesis of melamine phytates and its application in rigid polyurethane foam composites targets for improving fire safety

Bing Zhang et al.

Summary: By fabricating a biomass melamine phytates (MEL-PA) flame retardant, the thermal stability and fire safety of RPUF/MEL-PA composites were significantly improved.

PLASTICS RUBBER AND COMPOSITES (2023)

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Article Polymer Science

POSS-modified ammonium polyphosphate for improving flame retardant of epoxy resins

Yanling Feng et al.

Summary: An innovative phosphorus-silicone flame retardant (KAPP-OGPOSS) was prepared by grafting OGPOSS onto APP, which significantly enhanced the flame retardant properties of EP, increasing char residue and density.

POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES (2022)

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Article Polymer Science

Acoustic Performance and Flame Retardancy of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Diethyl Ethylphosphonate Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Huiping Zhang et al.

Summary: Flame-retardant water-blown rigid polyurethane foams modified by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP) were synthesized by a one-pot free-rising method. The addition of APP and DEEP significantly improved the acoustic, flame retardant and mechanical properties of the foams.

POLYMERS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Surface Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate for Enhancing Flame-Retardant Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane

Zhiwen Wang et al.

Summary: A functionalized APP flame retardant (APP-Cu@PDA) was developed and added to TPU to significantly improve the flame-retardant performance of the composite material, without affecting its mechanical properties.

MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Recent Advances in Bio-Based Additive Flame Retardants for Thermosetting Resins

Adriana Dowbysz et al.

Summary: This study summarizes recent progress on bio-based flame retardants for thermosetting resins, focusing on their thermal degradation, limiting oxygen index, and fire behavior, and finds that the mode of action is mostly based on the forming of the char layer.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Combustion and Thermal Properties of Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foam With Ammonium Polyphosphate Synergized by Phosphomolybdic Acid

Zhirong Xu et al.

Summary: Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) as a synergist improves the flame retardancy and thermal stability of polyurethane (PU) foam with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Adding PMA increases the flame retardant performance and carbon residue of PU/APP composites. PMA also affects the density and compressive strength of PU composites.

FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

The flame retardancy of fabricated cotton incorporated with Mg(OH)2 nano-particles

Alaa S. Abdelmoaty et al.

Summary: The aim of this study was to evaluate the flame retardant properties of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles on cotton/PET fabric. The incorporation of Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles into the fabric improved its thermal stability and flame resistance.

EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Thermodynamics

Sustainable and efficient flame retardant materials for achieving high fire safety for polystyrene composites

Nour F. Attia

Summary: The study developed novel porous carbon sheets as a green, renewable, cost-effective, and efficient flame retardant material for thermoplastic polymers. The porous graphite sheets exhibited significant improvements in fire safety and flame retardancy of developed polystyrene composites, attributed to their charing capability and porous structure effect in conjunction with natural doping of desirable elemental composition. This research provides a new tool for producing scalable, green, renewable, and cost-effective flame retardant and smoke suppressant materials for thermoplastic polymers.

JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Fire-Resistant Flexible Polyurethane Foams via Nature-Inspired Chitosan-Expandable Graphite Coatings

Edgar H. H. Wong et al.

Summary: A new method using halogen-free nature-inspired coatings to fabricate highly fire-resistant flexible PUF has been developed in this study, which is environmentally friendly and sustainable. The coatings offer excellent flame-retardant properties and could potentially meet the highest global industry standard.

ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Bio-based rigid polyurethane foam from castor oil with excellent flame retardancy and high insulation capacity via cooperation with carbon-based materials

Pablo Acuna et al.

Summary: The study focused on preparing biomass castor oil-based rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) with modified polyols from castor oil. Incorporating expandable graphite (EG) and graphene oxide (GO) in fixed amounts improved cellular structure, thermal properties, flame retardant performance, and mechanical properties of RPUF. The results showed that GO facilitated dispersion of EG, leading to reduced foam cell size and enhanced insulation capacity and flame-retardant performance. The optimal sample BIO2/EG/GO achieved V-0 rating in UL94 test and effectively reduced heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production compared to other samples, demonstrating a promising strategy for developing bio-based flame-retardant RPUFs.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Surface-modified ammonium polyphosphate for flame-retardant and reinforced polyurethane composites

Jun Yan et al.

Summary: Surface modification of commercial ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to obtain functionalized APP (FAPP) introduced into polyurethane (PU) composite significantly enhances tensile strength and flame-retardant performance without compromising flexibility.

COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Effect of ammonium polyphosphate/cobalt phytate system on flame retardancy and smoke & toxicity suppression of rigid polyurethane foam composites

Bing Zhang et al.

Summary: RPUF/APP/PA-Co composites prepared by one-step water-blown method showed significant improvement in thermal stability and fire resistance when 40 phr APP and 10 phr PA-Co were added. The addition of APP/PA-Co inhibited the release of flammable and toxic gases, leading to reduced total heat release and smoke release during combustion. The char residues of composites demonstrated dense char layers with high degree of graphitization, effectively reducing the release of combustible substances and smoke.

JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Synthesis and characterization of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams derived from gutter oil biodiesel

Guangxu Bo et al.

Summary: The study successfully synthesized gutter oil biodiesel-based polyols (GOBP) and a reactive-type flame retardant named diethyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-aminomethylphosphonate (BHAPE), and prepared flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams (BPUFs) using these materials. The BPUFs showed promising properties such as low density, low thermal conductivity, high compressive strength, good flame retardancy, and thermal stability, making them potential biomaterials for fire insulation porous materials in future architecture applications.

EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Ceramics

Flame retarded rigid polyurethane foam composites based on gel-silica microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate

Yadong Yang et al.

Summary: SiAPP was successfully prepared and used in the fabrication of RPUF/SiAPP30, which exhibited superior flame retardancy and water resistance. After 15 days of immersion in water, RPUF/SiAPP30 passed UL-94 with a V-1 rating and had a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 21.8 vol%, better than RPUF/APP30. The compressive strength of RPUF/SiAPP30 was 0.292 MPa, 12.3% higher than that of RPUF/APP30.

JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Composites

Construction of a core-shell structure compound: Ammonium polyphosphate wrapped by rare earth compound to achieve superior smoke and toxic gases suppression for flame retardant flexible polyurethane foam composites

Zhenting Yin et al.

Summary: Rare earth compounds were utilized to enhance fire safety of FPUF in furniture industry by forming a novel core-shell structure compound. The composites showed a significant reduction in peak of heat release and peak of smoke production rate compared to pure FPUF, along with a dramatic decrease in released toxic gases during combustion.

COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Mechanically Sustainable Starch-Based Flame-Retardant Coatings on Polyurethane Foams

Kyung-Who Choi et al.

Summary: The study developed an eco-friendly, high-performance flame-retardant coating agent by coating polyurethane foam with cationic starch (CS) and montmorillonite (MMT) nano-clay using a spray-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Experimental results confirmed that the coating significantly reduced the heat release rate and total heat release of the foam, improving its fire retardancy. Additionally, durability testing showed the long-lasting flame retardancy of the LbL coating even after more than 1000 compressions.

POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Flame retardant flexible polyurethane foams based on phosphorous soybean-oil polyol and expandable graphite

Yin Yam Chan et al.

Summary: An alternative phosphorous soybean-oil-based polyol was used for flexible polyurethane foams synthesis, with the addition of 5% and 10% expandable graphite (EG) to improve flame retardancy. The combination of phosphorous polyols and EG showed significantly enhanced flame retardancy, with a three times increase in char yield, indicating a potential strategy for future flame retarded FPUFs.

POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Fire performance of piperazine phytate modified rigid polyurethane foam composites

Sujie Yang et al.

Summary: In this study, piperazine phytate (PA-Pi) was fabricated using simple ionic reaction, and a series of rigid polyurethane foam/piperazine phytate (RPUF/PA-Pi) composites were prepared with improved thermal stability and fire resistance. The addition of PA-Pi reduced heat and smoke release during combustion, enhancing the fire performance of the composites. Analysis also showed that PA-Pi inhibited the release of toxic and flammable gases, promoting the formation of a dense carbon layer in the composites to prevent heat and mass transfer.

POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Novel Cast Polyurethanes Obtained by Using Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Polyol: Synthesis, Thermal Analysis and Combustion Behaviors

Izabela Zagozdzon et al.

Summary: The study showed that adding phosphorus-containing polyol in polyurethane synthesis can improve the flame resistance and char yield of the material, as well as providing better thermal stability.

MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Bio-Polyurethane Foams Modified with a Mixture of Bio-Polyols of Different Chemical Structures

Aleksander Prociak et al.

Summary: In this study, rigid polyurethane foams were prepared using different contents of a mixture of two bio-polyols, resulting in changes in the chemical structure of the foams. The introduction of bio-polyols influenced the foaming process and foam properties to some extent, while also reducing the mechanical strengths of the foams.

POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate Having Outstanding Charring Ability and Increased Flame Retardancy

Chunzhuang Yang et al.

Summary: The study found that MAPP-1000 showed the best flame-retardant properties among all RPUF composites. As the content of MAPP-1000 increased, both flame-retardant performance and mechanical properties significantly decreased, with the best comprehensive performance observed at 20% content of MAPP-1000.

FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Synthesis and synergistic flame-retardant effects of rigid polyurethane foams used reactive DOPO-based polyols combination with expandable graphite

Jingshui Xu et al.

Summary: FR-RPFs were prepared using reactive DOPO-based polyols and expandable graphite as flame retardants, achieving improved mechanical strength and flame retardancy. The combination of P and EG resulted in an LOI exceeding 30%, meeting fire safety standards. TGA and SEM analyses showed enhanced thermal stability and char formation in FR-RPFs with increased EG content.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Rigid polyurethane foams with halogen-free flame retardants: Thermal insulation, mechanical, and flame retardant properties

Emre Akdogan et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

MXene/chitosan nanocoating for flexible polyurethane foam towards remarkable fire hazards reductions

Bo Lin et al.

JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Thermodynamics

Novel synthesis of renewable and green flame-retardant, antibacterial and reinforcement material for styrene-butadiene rubber nanocomposites

Nour F. Attia et al.

JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Flame-retardant compounds for polymeric materials from an abundantly available, renewable biosource, castor oil

Bob A. Howell et al.

FIRE AND MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Flame retardancy and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foam conjugated with a phosphorus-nitrogen halogen-free intumescent flame retardant

Zhaojun Lin et al.

JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

Effects of ammonium polyphosphate microencapsulated on flame retardant and mechanical properties of the rigid polyurethane foam

Jiaji Cheng et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

A DOPO-based phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant bio-based epoxy resin from diphenolic acid: Synthesis, flame-retardant behavior and mechanism

Zhiyuan Chi et al.

POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2020)

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Article Materials Science, Composites

A novel phosphorus-containing lignin-based flame retardant and its application in polyurethane

Yuliang Wang et al.

COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

Preparation of melamine-formaldehyde resin-microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate and its application in flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam composites

Gang Tang et al.

JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Influence of organic modifier structures of 2D clay layers on thermal stability, flammability and mechanical properties of their rubber nanocomposites

Nour F. Attia et al.

JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams from phosphorylated biopolyols

Juan Carlos de Haro et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Synthesis of castor oil/2,4-toluene diisocyanate adduct to impart water repellency and antibacterial properties for cotton/polyester fabric

H. M. Fahmy et al.

JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Effect of different size-modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Xiu-Yan Pang et al.

POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE (2019)

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Article Polymer Science

Structure and Flame-Retardant Actions of Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Expandable Graphite

Yongjun Chen et al.

POLYMERS (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Investigation on flammability of rigid polyurethane foam-mineral fillers composite

Anuja Agrawal et al.

FIRE AND MATERIALS (2019)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Quickly self-extinguishing flame retardant behavior of rigid polyurethane foams linked with phosphaphenanthrene groups

Lijun Qian et al.

COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Polymer Science

Effects of Tung Oil-Based Polyols on the Thermal Stability, Flame Retardancy, and Mechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam

Wei Zhou et al.

POLYMERS (2019)

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Article Mathematics

Self-dual Leonard pairs

Kazumasa Nomura et al.

SPECIAL MATRICES (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Silylation of epoxidized soybean oil with triethoxysilanes, synthesis and characterization of their polyurethanes

Aynur Ozseker et al.

TURKISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Composites

The Synergistic Flame-Retardant Behaviors of Pentaerythritol Phosphate and Expandable Graphite in Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Shijun Wang et al.

POLYMER COMPOSITES (2018)

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Article Polymer Science

Flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam with a phosphorus-nitrogen single intumescent flame retardant

Chao Wang et al.

POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES (2018)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Sustainable flame-retardant polyurethanes using renewable resources

Sanket Bhoyate et al.

INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS (2018)

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Article Polymer Science

Flame retardation and thermal stability of novel phosphoramide/expandable graphite in rigid polyurethane foam

Dong-Yue Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2018)

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Article Polymer Science

Full substitution of petroleum-based polyols by phosphorus-containing soy-based polyols for fabricating highly flame-retardant polyisocyanurate foams

Ming-Jun Chen et al.

POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Layer-by-layer-assembled chitosan/phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils as a bio-based and flame protecting nano-exoskeleton on PU foams

F. Carosio et al.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2018)

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Article Polymer Science

Inherently flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams with excellent thermal insulation and mechanical properties

Shui-Xiu Wang et al.

POLYMER (2018)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Flame-Retardant Flexible Polyurethane Foams with Highly Efficient Melamine Salt

Wen-Hui Rao et al.

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH (2017)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Rejuvenated fly ash in poly(vinyl alcohol)-based composite aerogels with high fire safety and smoke suppression

A-Hui Kang et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2017)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Metathesized palm oil polyol for the preparation of improved bio-based rigid and flexible polyurethane foams

Prasanth K. S. Pillai et al.

INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS (2016)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Polyurethane rigid foams formed from different soy-based polyols by the ring opening of epoxidised soybean oil with methanol, phenol, and cyclohexanol

Dong Ji et al.

INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS (2015)

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Proceedings Paper Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Synergistic study of carbon nanotubes, rice husk ash and flame retardant materials on the flammability of polystyrene nanocomposites

Nour F. Attia et al.

MATERIALS TODAY-PROCEEDINGS (2015)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams with castor oil-based flame retardant polyols

Liqiang Zhang et al.

INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS (2014)

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Article Polymer Science

Vegetable oil-based rigid polyurethanes and phosphorylated flame-retardants derived from epoxydized soybean oil

Melissa Heinen et al.

POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY (2014)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Biobased Polyurethanes from Rapeseed Oil Polyols: Structure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties

Uldis Stirna et al.

JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT (2013)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Hydrolysis of epoxidized soybean oil in the presence of phosphoric acid

Yinzhong Guo et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY (2007)

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The synergistic flame-retardant behaviors of soybean oil phosphate-based polyols and modified ammonium polyphosphate in polyurethane foam

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