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Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peter B. Gilbert et al.
Summary: In the COVE phase 3 clinical trial, neutralizing and binding antibodies were measured in vaccine recipients to determine their correlation with COVID-19 risk and vaccine efficacy. The results showed that these immune markers were inversely associated with COVID-19 risk and directly associated with vaccine efficacy. Postvaccination neutralization titers of 10, 100, and 1000 correlated with estimated vaccine efficacies of 78%, 91%, and 96% respectively.
Article
Biology
Meghan E. Garrett et al.
Summary: When SARS-CoV-2 evolves, existing antibodies may lose their ability to bind effectively, reducing the protection offered by past infection or vaccination. The study found that there are differences in antibodies produced in response to different levels of infection and vaccination, which could help minimize the emergence of antibody-evading mutations. Using a phage display library technique, researchers explored the binding of antibodies to different parts of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The results showed that antibodies produced after vaccination bind to certain regions of the spike protein, while antibodies from mild infection target fewer areas. These findings can guide vaccine development and the data has been made accessible to other scientists and the public.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Deborah Cromer et al.
Summary: By analyzing data on in-vitro neutralization and clinical protection, the study found that neutralizing activity against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 is highly correlated with neutralization of variants of concern, and can still predict the vaccine's protection against these variants. Simulation results suggest that booster vaccination for previously infected individuals can provide higher levels of protection compared to primary vaccination. Although the protection may decrease within the first year after vaccination, the current vaccines can still offer robust protection in the medium term.
Article
Pathology
Mariarosa Carta et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the performance of new immunoassays to measure the antibody response induced by the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine. The results showed that all the considered anti-RBD methods detected response to the vaccine, while the method directed against anti-N failed to show response.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Estela Gimenez et al.
Summary: A third dose of Comirnaty vaccine greatly increases antibody levels and neutralizing antibody titers against multiple variants, but has limited impact on S-reactive T-cell immunity in nursing home residents.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Xaquin Castro Dopico et al.
Summary: Adaptive immune responses are crucial for viral clearance and protection against re-infection, including SARS-CoV-2. The rapid characterization of the immune response to the virus during the first 20 months of the pandemic has provided a detailed understanding. The development and global rollout of effective COVID-19 vaccines have made a significant impact, although challenges remain in terms of equal access.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Hejun Liu et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis and economic burden. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, a new member of the coronavirus family, has infected hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Over the past 2 years, it has evolved to increase transmissibility and evade immunity from previous infection and vaccination. Immune responses from viral infection and vaccination have proven to be protective against variants, especially in terms of hospitalization or severe disease.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2022)
Review
Microbiology
Anisha Misra et al.
Summary: Existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is lacking in humans, contributing to the global pandemic. Neutralizing antibodies and adaptive cellular immune responses are identified as correlates of protection against COVID-19, but the diversity of serologic assays and the emergence of new variants pose challenges to determining a robust threshold for immunity.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Oncology
Jose Luis Pinana et al.
Summary: This study found that lack of detectable antibodies at 3-6 weeks after full vaccination was the main variable associated with breakthrough infection, and antibody titers above 250 BAU/mL significantly reduced the incidence and severity of the infection.
JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Oncology
Simone Cesaro et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to severe outcomes in immunocompromised hematological patients, with high mortality rates observed. Treatment strategies focus on controlling viral replication and inflammation. However, the effectiveness and benefits of preventive and therapeutic measures in hematological patients require further investigation.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Beatriz Sanchez-Sendra et al.
Summary: Immunosenescence may affect vaccine-induced humoral immune responses. A study found that elderly individuals vaccinated with Comirnaty COVID-19 vaccine had lower neutralizing antibody titers against Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon variants. Age, frailty, and comorbidities did not significantly impact the neutralizing antibody activity.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Letter
Immunology
Gian Luca Salvagno et al.
Summary: In this study, we monitored the antibody responses to the BNT162b2 vaccine booster in healthcare workers. The concentration of total antibodies and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 increased significantly after the booster dose. The relative increase of total antibodies showed a strong correlation with the increase of IgG antibodies, suggesting that either total or IgG antibodies can be used to monitor low responders to the booster immunization.
Review
Virology
Lok Bahadur Shrestha et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is a major public health concern due to its high infectivity and antibody evasion. It has rapidly become the dominant variant worldwide and has evolved through several variants. The evolution of Omicron is thought to be influenced by zoonotic spillage, infection in immunocompromised individuals, and undiagnosed spread in the community. Current research suggests that Omicron is more infectious than the original Wuhan-Hu-1 and Delta variants, but less severe in terms of its impact on lung tissue. Vaccines have shown reduced effectiveness against Omicron, but booster shots can improve efficacy. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have limited effectiveness against Omicron, with some exceptions. New variants, such as BA.4 and BA.5, are emerging and are reported to be more transmissible and resistant to immunity generated by previous variants and monoclonal antibodies.
REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jakub Swadzba et al.
Summary: This study provides a comparison of five methods for measuring anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in vaccinated individuals. The results varied between methods but showed strong correlation. The humoral immunity decreased after eight months, and a high percentage of results exceeded the upper quantitation limit. Specific cut-offs are needed to determine COVID-19 immunity for different assays.
Article
Immunology
Stephen J. Kent et al.
Summary: Understanding the role of T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for the design of next-generation vaccines. This perspective discusses the challenges in determining the causal relationship between vaccine-induced T cell immunity and protection from COVID-19, and proposes an approach to gather evidence and clarify the role of vaccine-induced T cell memory in protecting against severe COVID-19.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Arantxa Valdivia et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the correlation between neutralizing antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels measured by different commercial immunoassays in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The results showed significant differences among the tests, influenced by the time of serum collection.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Victoria Higgins et al.
Summary: A study evaluating the quantitative Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay showed high sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value in detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies post-infection. The study also demonstrated the assay's highest sensitivity at 15 to 30 days post-KR positivity and varying negative predictive values at different time points post-PCR positivity.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuo Feng et al.
Summary: Defined levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies elicited by the COVID-19 vaccine were identified as correlates of protection against symptomatic infection. Higher levels of immune markers were correlated with a reduced risk of symptomatic infection. The data can be used to extrapolate efficacy estimates to new populations.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Elisa Danese et al.
Summary: The study compared data of five commercial anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays after administration of an mRNA vaccine, demonstrating that all evaluated immunoassays are suitable for monitoring anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies response in subjects undergoing mRNA COVID-19 vaccination.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David S. Khoury et al.
Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Microbiology
Elitza S. Theel et al.
Summary: Longitudinal studies on the durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response have produced conflicting results due to differences in patient populations, methodologies, and assays used. This study tracked the changes in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convalescent plasma donors over 120 days, revealing a gradual decline in titers for most assays but stable or increasing titers for assays utilizing dual-antigen binding. The findings suggest that the method of antibody detection used is crucial, with implications for future assay utilization and clinical value.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Allison J. Greaney et al.
Summary: Vaccine-elicited antibodies have more focused neutralizing activity on the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, while infection-elicited antibodies have broader binding across epitopes; hence, single RBD mutations have less impact on neutralization by vaccine sera.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Krzysztof Lukaszuk et al.
Summary: The study aimed to compare anti-SARS-CoV-2 test results to evaluate the use of the WHO standard unit for measuring vaccination responses. The three assays showed varying correlations at different time points, indicating the need for further work on international standard measurements for SARS-CoV-2 Ig.
Article
Microbiology
Thomas Perkmann et al.
Summary: Reliable quantification of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for identifying possible vaccine failure and estimating protection time. Despite good overall agreement, the performance of five antibody quantification assays showed differences that highlight the need for further standardization of SARS-CoV-2 serology.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2021)
Article
Medical Laboratory Technology
Mei San Tang et al.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
(2020)
