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Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Moustafa T. Mabrouk et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to millions of deaths globally and emphasized the importance of vaccines. Advanced technologies have enabled rapid development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines, although access is limited in many developing countries. Different vaccine platforms and nanomaterials have been used to develop COVID-19 vaccines. Continued development of vaccine technologies is crucial for dealing with the ongoing and future pandemics.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alison Tarke et al.
Summary: T cell responses induced by different vaccine platforms cross-recognize early SARS-CoV-2 variants, while memory B cells and neutralizing antibodies show significant decreases. The majority of memory T cell responses are preserved against variants, with lower recognition of Omicron by memory B cells.
Article
Cell Biology
Zezhong Liu et al.
Summary: A new STING agonist CF501 has been discovered to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines. CF501-adjuvanted vaccines elicited strong immune responses in mice, rabbits, and rhesus macaques, producing potent neutralizing antibodies against various SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutants. The immunized animals showed long-lasting immune responses and reduced viral load after SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Venice Servellita et al.
Summary: A study on vaccinated individuals found that Delta breakthrough infection induced stronger neutralizing immunity against the wild-type virus compared to Omicron breakthrough infection. The reduced antibody response in Omicron breakthrough infections may be related to a higher proportion of asymptomatic or mild infections, leading to lower neutralizing immunity against the wild-type virus.
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Katia Koelle et al.
Summary: This review retraces the steps taken by the global community of epidemiologists and evolutionary biologists in understanding and controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights the crucial roles that mathematical modeling and quantitative analyses of empirical data have played in addressing the challenges faced by this community.
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Daniel M. Altmann et al.
Summary: A diverse range of first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been successful in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, although inequitable distribution remains an issue. Future challenges include optimizing immunological boosting strategies and building an immune repertoire that can protect against upcoming viral variants.
Letter
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Cai He et al.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2022)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Simon Van Herck et al.
Summary: This review discusses the mechanisms of STING agonists in vaccination, recent progress in novel STING agonist discovery and delivery strategies, as well as efforts in optimizing the efficacy and minimizing toxicity of STING agonist-assisted subunit vaccines. The future development of STING agonists for adjuvanting subunit vaccines is also discussed.
ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
C. Garrett Rappazzo et al.
Summary: The engineered antibody ADG-2 shows enhanced neutralization breadth and potency against a wide range of sarbecoviruses, providing complete protection in SARS and COVID-19 mouse models. Structural and biochemical studies reveal that ADG-2 targets a highly conserved epitope through a unique angle of approach.
Review
Cell Biology
Ravi Danielsson et al.
Summary: Aluminium salts have been used in vaccines as adjuvants for almost a century, but the mechanisms behind the immune stimulating properties are still not fully understood. A persistent intracellular presence of aluminium ions over an extended time may affect the functionality of sentinel cells of the innate immune system, inducing polarization and activation. The immune stimulating properties of aluminium adjuvants are presumably mediated by several discrete events, with a persistent intracellular presence of aluminium ions being a key factor.
SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Houriiyah Tegally et al.
Summary: The article describes a newly emerged lineage of SARS-CoV-2, 501Y.V2, characterized by eight mutations in the spike protein, which may result in increased transmissibility or immune escape. This lineage originated in South Africa and quickly became dominant in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and KwaZuluNatal provinces within weeks.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mahesh S. Dhar et al.
Summary: Delhi experienced multiple severe outbreaks in 2020, reaching a seropositivity rate of >50% by 2021. The Delta variant's high transmissibility and immune evasion led to a surge in cases in Delhi.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nicholas G. Davies et al.
Summary: A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 has emerged in England, with a higher reproduction number and potential for large resurgences of COVID-19 cases. Without stringent control measures, it is projected that COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in England for the first 6 months of 2021 will exceed those in 2020. The variant has spread globally and exhibited similar transmission increases in Denmark, Switzerland, and the United States.
Article
Microbiology
Xiaohui Ju et al.
Summary: A BSL-2 cell culture system for production of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus-like-particles was developed. This system allows for the complete viral life cycle to be achieved and enhances biosafety measures. High-throughput antiviral screening was conducted, leading to the discovery of new drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Polymer Science
Nga T. N. Vo et al.
Summary: Genipin-crosslinked chitosan hydrogels show promising biocompatibility and potential as vaccine carriers. Addition of poly (ethylene glycol) enhances cytocompatibility and delays degradation of the hydrogels.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Shilong Yang et al.
Summary: The results from Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials of the COVID-19 vaccine ZF2001 show that the vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic, supporting the use of a 25 microgram dose in a three-dose schedule for large-scale evaluation in a Phase 3 trial.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Bali Pulendran et al.
Summary: Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the immune response. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms and systems vaccinology have revitalized the science and development of novel adjuvants for use in vaccines against COVID-19 and future pandemics.
NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Nuno R. Faria et al.
Summary: A new variant of concern, P.1, with 17 mutations including three spike protein mutations associated with increased binding to human ACE2 receptors, emerged in Manaus, Brazil between November 2020 and January 2021. Molecular analysis suggests P.1 may be 1.7- to 2.4-fold more transmissible and that previous infection may provide 54 to 79% protection against P.1 infection compared to other lineages. Enhanced global genomic surveillance of such variants is crucial for pandemic response.
Article
Immunology
Fiachra Humphries et al.
Summary: This study describes a compound, diABZI-4, that activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and effectively limits SARS-CoV-2 replication in cells and animals. The administration of diABZI-4 intranasally in mice provided complete protection from severe respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. It induces a rapid, short-lived activation of STING, leading to transient proinflammatory cytokine production and lymphocyte activation in the lung, ultimately inhibiting viral replication. The study supports the use of diABZI-4 as a host-directed therapy for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Minghua Li et al.
Summary: The study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 evades interferon activation in respiratory epithelial cells, but pharmacological activation of innate immune pathways can effectively control the viral infection. Using STING activation as a potential therapeutic strategy, the small molecule STING agonist diABZI inhibits viral replication by stimulating IFN signaling.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Leqing Zhu et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates the potential of the GP-AS04-TE vaccine to efficiently load antigens, mediate antigen delivery, facilitate dendritic cell uptake, enhance dendritic cell maturation and stimulation, and increase pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In a mouse inoculation model, GP-AS04-TE significantly stimulated dendritic cell function, induced a strong immune response, and effectively protected against toxoplasma infections, showcasing the potential of GP-AS04 as a vaccine against various pathogens.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
John P. Evans et al.
Summary: This article discusses the factors governing the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells, focusing on the viral spike protein, host proteases, host cofactors, and host restriction factors. The unique features of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to other human coronaviruses are highlighted, along with the gaps in understanding that require further research.
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Valerie Oberhardt et al.
Summary: After vaccination, CD8(+) T cells become important effector cells in providing early protection, being effectively mobilized one week after primary vaccination and maintaining stability after booster vaccination. Compared with natural infection, vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells exhibit similar functional capacities but with a different subset distribution.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lingshu Wang et al.
Summary: The study identified four receptor binding domain-targeting antibodies with potent neutralizing activity against 23 variants, including two ultrapotent antibodies. Combinations of these antibodies reduced the in vitro generation of escape mutants, showing potential in mitigating resistance development.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Pan Pan et al.
Summary: This study reveals a unique mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to excessive inflammatory responses. The interaction between N protein and NLRP3 enhances the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by facilitating binding with ASC.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Xuemei He et al.
Summary: The text discusses the emergence of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting its rapid spread and impact on vaccine effectiveness. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the characteristics and effects of this variant for effective prevention and control measures against COVID-19.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mingfu Tian et al.
Summary: The cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 is a major pathological feature of COVID-19, with HIF-1α and pro-inflammatory cytokines playing key roles in infection and inflammatory responses. The production of HIF-1α, inflammatory responses, and high mortalities in elderly patients indicate its crucial role in exacerbating COVID-19.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Setu M. Vora et al.
Summary: This article provides an update on the role of inflammasomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, discussing their activation and contribution to the overactive inflammatory response in severe cases. Efforts are being made to target inflammasomes therapeutically. Severe COVID-19 is characterized by dysregulated cytokine release, pneumonia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, with ongoing clinical efforts to suppress inflammation for prevention and treatment.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Lianpan Dai et al.
Summary: The urgent need for vaccines to control the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid development of multiple vaccine candidates, with some showing positive results in late-stage clinical trials. This article discusses the viral elements used in these candidates, the reasons why they are good targets for the immune system, and their implications for protective immunity. Dai and Gao highlight the importance of selecting the right viral targets in vaccine development to ensure an effective immune response and the overall safety and efficacy of the vaccine.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Courtney A. Iberg et al.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Qihui Wang et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alexandra C. Walls et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Qiang Gao et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jun Lan et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hui Wang et al.
Article
Virology
Changhua Yi et al.
Review
Virology
John P. Moore et al.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2020)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Feng-Cai Zhu et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Noe B. Mercado et al.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
L. A. Jackson et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shipo Wu et al.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2020)
Review
Immunology
Nataschja I. Ho et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2018)
Article
Engineering, Biomedical
Zishan Yang et al.
Review
Immunology
Helen S. Goodridge et al.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2009)
