Solid supports and supported liquid membranes for different liquid phase microextraction and electromembrane extraction configurations. A review

Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and electromembrane microextraction (EME) can be considered as two of the most popular techniques in sample treatment today. Both techniques can be configurated as membrane-assisted techniques to carry out the extraction. These supports provide the required geometry and stability on the contact surface between two phases (donor and acceptor) and improve the repro-ducibility of sample treatment techniques. These solid support pore space, once is filled with organic solvents, act as a selective barrier acting as a supported liquid membrane (SLM). The SLM nature is a fundamental parameter, and its selection is critical to carry out successful extractions. There are numer-ous SLMs that have been successfully employed in a wide variety of application fields. The latter is due to the specificity of the selected organic solvents, which allows the extraction of compounds of a very different nature. In the last decade, solid supports and SLM have evolved towards green and environ-mentally friendly materials and solvents. In this review, solid supports implemented in LPME and EME will be discussed and summarized, as well as their applications. Moreover, the advances and modifica-tions of the solid supports and the SLMs to improve the extraction efficiencies, recoveries and enrichment factors are discussed. Hollow fiber and flat membranes, including microfluidic systems, will be considered depending on the technique, configuration, or device used.(c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and electromembrane microextraction (EME) are two popular techniques in sample treatment, both utilizing membrane-assisted extraction. Solid supports in the form of supported liquid membranes (SLMs) play a critical role in enhancing extraction reproducibility. Various SLMs have been successfully employed in different application fields, allowing the extraction of compounds with diverse natures. The development of environmentally friendly materials and solvents has also been a focus in recent years.