Association between Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Serum Levels of Cholesterol Synthesis and Absorption Markers: The CACHE Study FH Analysis

Aim: Serum levels of cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers are known to be associated with cardiovascular risk. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a well-known inherited disorder presenting elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) levels and premature coronary disease. In this study, we aim to examine the differences in terms of serum markers of cholesterol metabolism between FH and non-FH individuals and to examine their associations with serum lipid levels.Methods: In this study, we utilized data on serum markers of cholesterol metabolism, namely, lathosterol (Latho, synthesis marker), campesterol (Campe, absorption marker), and sitosterol (Sito, absorption marker) measured by gas chromatography of the CACHE consortium, which comprised of 13 research groups in Japan. Clinical data were compiled using REDCap system. Among the 2944 individuals in the CACHE population, we selected individuals without lipid-lowering medications and hemodialysis patients for this CACHE study FH analysis. Multivariable adjustment was performed to assess the associations.Results: In this study, we analyzed data from 51 FH patients and 1924 non-FH individuals. After adjustment for possible confounders, the FH group was shown to have significantly higher Campe and Sito concentrations and insignificantly higher Latho concentrations than the non-FH group. These marker concentrations showed nonlinear associations with TC in the FH group. Campe/Latho and Sito/Latho ratios were significantly higher in the FH group than in the non-FH group.Conclusion: FH group had significantly elevated serum Campe and Sito concentrations and insignificantly elevated Latho concentrations; thus, intestinal cholesterol absorption relative to hepatic cholesterol synthesis was suggested to be elevated in patients with FH. Serum Latho, Campe, and Sito concentrations showed nonlinear associations with TC in the FH group.

Automated summary

This study aimed to compare the differences in serum markers of cholesterol metabolism between familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and non-FH individuals and examine their associations with serum lipid levels. The FH group showed significantly elevated serum concentrations of campesterol (Campe) and sitosterol (Sito) and insignificantly elevated concentrations of lathosterol (Latho) compared to the non-FH group. These findings suggest that intestinal cholesterol absorption relative to hepatic cholesterol synthesis is elevated in patients with FH. Serum lathosterol, campesterol, and sitosterol concentrations showed nonlinear associations with total cholesterol (TC) in the FH group.