The role of semantic clustering in the relationship between verbal memory and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Possible distinct cognitive pathway compared to healthy controls

Background: Verbal memory (VM) is impaired in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), and predicts psychosocial functioning. However, there is a lack of research exploring the role of VM component processes, including semantic clustering, in these disorders. Semantic clustering might impact this association, as effective semantic memory strategies may reflect unimpaired executive control, leading to an adequate functioning. We aimed to investigate VM components in SZ and BD, and the role of semantic clustering in the relationship between VM and functioning.Methods: We included 495 participants (156 SZ, 172 BD, and 167 healthy controls (HC)) that underwent an assessment using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised for VM and the Functioning Assessment Short Test for psychosocial functioning. We compared groups through ANOVAs and investigated the effect of semantic clustering in the relationship between VM total immediate free recall and functioning through linear regression models.Results: SZ had worse overall VM performance compared to BD, which performed worse than HCs. HCs used more semantic clustering than SZ and BD, but there were no differences between the two clinical groups. In HCs, semantic clustering impacted the relationship between VM performance and functioning, while no interaction was observed in SZ or BD.Limitations: Cross-sectional design; no medication effects or other cognitive functions were assessed. Conclusions: SZ and BD may use an alternative cognitive pathway in which the relationship between VM and functioning is independent of complex cognitive processes such as semantic clustering, supporting the cognitive remediation targeting of VM in these disorders.

Automated summary

This study investigated the relationship between verbal memory and semantic clustering in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The results showed that patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder performed worse in verbal memory compared to healthy controls, and semantic clustering had a limited impact on the relationship between verbal memory and functioning in these disorders.