Raman Spectroscopy as a Tool to Study the Pathophysiology of Brain Diseases

The Raman phenomenon is based on the spontaneous inelastic scattering of light, which depends on the molecular characteristics of the dispersant. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy and imaging allow us to obtain direct information, in a label-free manner, from the chemical composition of the sample. Since it is well established that the development of many brain diseases is associated with biochemical alterations of the affected tissue, Raman spectroscopy and imaging have emerged as promising tools for the diagnosis of ailments. A combination of Raman spectroscopy and/or imaging with tagged molecules could also help in drug delivery and tracing for treatment of brain diseases. In this review, we first describe the basics of the Raman phenomenon and spectroscopy. Then, we delve into the Raman spectroscopy and imaging modes and the Raman-compatible tags. Finally, we center on the application of Raman in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of brain diseases, by focusing on traumatic brain injury and ischemia, neurodegenerative disorders, and brain cancer.

Automated summary

The Raman phenomenon is a label-free method that allows direct information about the chemical composition of a sample to be obtained through the inelastic scattering of light. Raman spectroscopy and imaging have emerged as promising tools for the diagnosis of brain diseases and could also assist in drug delivery and tracing for treatment purposes. This review provides an overview of the basics of Raman spectroscopy, explores different imaging modes and compatible tags, and focuses on its applications in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of brain diseases.