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Article
Clinical Neurology
Jennifer A. Frontera et al.
Summary: Neurodegenerative biomarkers were found to be elevated in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and were associated with encephalopathy and worse outcomes.
ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA
(2022)
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Tao Li et al.
Summary: This study found that the expression of ACE2 protein is downregulated in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Treatment with recombinant human ACE2 alleviated neurological defects after TBI in mice by mitigating pyroptosis and apoptosis. Additionally, the ACE2 enzyme activator diminazene aceturate rescued downregulation of ACE2 enzymatic activity and protein abundance in the brain and alleviated long-term cognitive defects and neuronal loss in mice.
JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Fabiolla Rocha Santos Passos et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the role of oxidative stress-related molecules in COVID-19 and found that GFAP, RAGE, HMGB1, and COX-2 were upregulated in patients with the most severe forms of the disease.
INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Mar Guasp et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic role of inflammatory biomarkers in patients with acute COVID-19 and neurological manifestations. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in the serum and CSF of neuro-COVID patients. Neuroaxonal damage markers and cytokine levels were associated with disease severity and neurologic disability.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Ruturaj R. Masvekar et al.
Summary: Elevated levels of circulating neurofilament light chain (NfL) in severe COVID-19 patients may predict mortality. Combining NfL measurements with other prognostic markers could help identify patients at high risk of COVID-19-associated mortality.
ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Barbara A. Hanson et al.
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of neurologic symptoms in COVID-19 patients and their relationship with related factors. The results showed biochemical evidence of CNS injury in both hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients, and anxiety was associated with the extent of neurologic damage.
NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Federico Verde et al.
Summary: This study found that neuroaxonal damage, indicated by increased sNFL levels, is present in Covid-19 patients even without major neurological manifestations, potentially influenced by systemic inflammation.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
B. E. Sahin et al.
Summary: This study examined the plasma levels of biomarkers GFAP and S100B in relation to persistent neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. The results showed that elevated GFAP levels were associated with disease severity but not with neurological symptoms, while high serum S100B levels were associated with multiple neurological symptoms.
JOURNAL OF THE NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Edward J. Needham et al.
Summary: COVID-19 and influenza are both associated with brain injury, particularly in severe cases. The brain injury occurs in the context of dysregulated immune responses, with no single pathogenic mechanism clearly responsible. Blood biomarkers can be used to assess the extent and duration of brain injury.
Review
Clinical Neurology
Christos Tsagkaris et al.
Summary: COVID-19 can cause neuroinflammation and potentially increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. Analysis of cytokines and biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid can contribute to early detection, monitoring, and treatment of the neurological complications associated with the disease.
CURRENT ALZHEIMER RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Matthew P. Lennol et al.
Summary: Researchers have found that different species of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a host cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2, can be detected in serum, potentially resulting from virus entry and processing. Using transgenic mice expressing human ACE2, the study demonstrates the potential of serum ACE2 as a biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine efficacy. The findings also suggest that vaccination can prevent changes in ACE2 levels in serum.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Raoul Sutter et al.
Summary: There is increasing evidence for various neurological manifestations of COVID-19, with higher sNfL concentrations observed in critically ill patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy controls and critically ill non-COVID-19 patients. Elevated sNfL levels were associated with unfavorable short-term outcomes, indicating common and pronounced neuronal injury in critically ill patients.
ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Andrea Pilotto et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2-related encephalitis is associated with prominent glial activation and neuroinflammatory markers, with neuronal markers increased only in severe cases. The pattern of CSF alterations suggests cytokine-release syndrome as the main inflammatory mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-related encephalitis.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Eric Song et al.
Summary: The study showed through three approaches that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of infecting brain neurons, leading to metabolic changes and pathological features without triggering type I interferon responses. These results provide evidence for the neuroinvasive capacity of SARS-CoV-2 and the unexpected consequence of direct infection of neurons by the virus.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Review
Clinical Neurology
Lintao Wang et al.
Summary: This paper reviews the possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 invading the central nervous system during COVID-19, and the neurological complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Review
Psychiatry
Ying Han et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant economic and social losses, with reports of neuropsychiatric symptoms in addition to respiratory issues, potentially leading to worsened outcomes and poor prognosis. Monitoring individuals exposed to the virus and developing strategies to prevent neuropsychiatric complications are crucial during the pandemic for short- and long-term recovery.
TRANSLATIONAL PSYCHIATRY
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Robert Frithiof et al.
Summary: The study revealed a higher prevalence of CIN/CIM among COVID-19 ICU patients, who had more severe illness, longer ICU stay, and more thromboembolic events. NfL and GFAp levels may serve as potential predictive biomarkers for CIN/CIM in early ICU care.
CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Anne Hege Aamodt et al.
Summary: Elevated concentrations of NfL and GFAp in COVID-19 patients upon admission may indicate increased mortality risk, and these biomarker concentrations are associated with clinical outcomes.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Tobias Geis et al.
Summary: A study on children with asymptomatic to moderate COVID-19 infection showed that a percentage of them had neurological symptoms, but overall, there was no evidence of neuronal damage based on sNfL levels.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Rebecca De Lorenzo et al.
Summary: The study investigated the clinical prognostic value of markers of neural tissue damage in predicting survival or transfer to ICU in patients infected with COVID-19. Results showed that certain markers were significantly increased in patients with fatal outcomes or needing ICU transfer, with total tau levels accurately predicting mortality. Blood neural markers may offer additional prognostic value for predicting COVID-19 outcomes.
JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Hamel Patel et al.
Summary: This study analyzed blood protein profiles of COVID-19 patients and identified six proteins associated with disease severity, offering potential early biomarkers and therapeutic targets for monitoring and treating the disease.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Letter
Oncology
Rita Valenzuela et al.
CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Mercedes Prudencio et al.
Summary: Brain imaging studies of COVID-19 patients have shown evidence of neuroaxonal injury, and serum levels of neurofilament light chain (NFL) may predict the extent of neuronal damage and are associated with clinical outcomes. Lower NFL serum concentrations were observed in COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir, suggesting that neuroaxonal injury should be considered as an outcome in acute pharmacotherapeutic trials for COVID-19.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Nelly Kanberg et al.
Summary: Plasma biomarkers of CNS injury were significantly elevated in severe COVID-19 cases during the acute phase but normalized after six months, indicating that neurological sequelae post COVID-19 are not associated with ongoing CNS injury. Despite this normalization, a considerable number of patients reported persistent neurological symptoms, suggesting that additional factors beyond CNS injury biomarkers may contribute to long-term neurological effects of COVID-19.
Review
Neurosciences
Conor McQuaid et al.
Summary: The study reviewed the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the brain, including its invasion routes and potential neurological manifestations. While there is limited evidence of direct brain infiltration by SARS-CoV-2, the presence of the virus in severely infected patients suggests the olfactory mucosa could be a possible entrance. Further studies are needed to confirm neuroinvasion pathways and understand the neurological complications of COVID-19 beyond respiratory distress.
FLUIDS AND BARRIERS OF THE CNS
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Ross W. Paterson et al.
Summary: Preliminary data on pathological and biomarkers indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection may damage the nervous system, particularly causing CNS inflammation. Elevated levels of serum neurofilament light were found in COVID-19 patients, but not in community cases, suggesting potential peripheral nerve damage in response to severe illness rather than significant neurological damage. Astrocytic activation does not appear to be a major mediator of neuronal damage in COVID-19.
BRAIN COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Puja Mehta et al.
Review
Clinical Neurology
Mark A. Ellul et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jialu Qiao et al.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2020)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Nelly Kanberg et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Anand Ramani et al.
Review
Clinical Neurology
Parmenides Guadarrama-Ortiz et al.
FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY
(2020)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Mengzhen Dong et al.
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
(2020)
