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The Effect of the Gut Microbiota on Transplanted Kidney Function

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Immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation and the gut microbiota: Bidirectional interactions with clinical consequences

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Summary: Understanding of the involvement of the gut microbiota in human health has significantly grown in recent decades, particularly in the fields of metabolism, inflammation, and immunology. Immunosuppressive treatments given to solid organ transplant recipients can cause changes in the gut microbiota that impact various physiological processes. Medications such as Tacrolimus and steroids induce dysbiosis and metabolic disorders, while Mycophenolate Mofetil can lead to gastrointestinal side effects.

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Summary: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an important immunosuppressant used for organ transplant rejection prevention and autoimmune disease treatment. However, the severe gastrointestinal toxicity associated with MMF limits its usage. This study compared the fecal microbiomes of MMF recipients and healthy individuals, and found that FMN-binding GUS enzymes may play a significant role in the gastrointestinal toxicity caused by MMF.

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Summary: The activity of intestinal microbiota-produced beta-glucuronidase plays a crucial role in the metabolism of the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil. Differences in beta-glucuronidase activity between transplant types may account for variations in dosing requirements.

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Reduced Enterohepatic Recirculation of Mycophenolate and Lower Blood Concentrations Are Associated with the Stool Bacterial Microbiome after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

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The alteration of the gut microbiome by immunosuppressive agents used in solid organ transplantation

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Summary: The microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating host immune functions, particularly through the interaction with regulatory B cells (Bregs) to maintain immune homeostasis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the microbiota are involved in creating a pro-tolerogenic environment in the gut by regulating B cell differentiation and promoting the function of Bregs. This interaction between B cells and the microbiota may have potential therapeutic applications for autoimmune diseases and transplantation.

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Gut microbiota alterations associated with antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation

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Summary: Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in kidney transplantation is associated with alterations in gut microbiota, with recipients experiencing decreased bacterial richness in the gut microbiota compared to controls. Specific taxa such as Clostridiales could potentially serve as biomarkers to distinguish recipients with AMR. Additionally, functional pathways in the gut microbiota differ significantly between AMR and control groups.

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Mycophenolate mediated remodeling of gut microbiota and improvement of gut-brain axis in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Inaki Robles-Vera et al.

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