期刊
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
卷 23, 期 23, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314561
关键词
bisphenol analogs; developmental toxicity; reproductive toxicity; behavioral traits
资金
- Funds for Independent Innovation of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province
- Jiangsu Social Development Project
- [CX (20) 3084]
- [BE2020781]
In this study, the developmental and reproductive effects of BPA analogs (BPS, BPF, BPAF) on D. magna were evaluated. The results showed that BPF and BPAF exhibited similar or stronger toxicity compared to BPA. Additionally, exposure to BPs led to behavioral changes and activation of the antioxidant defense system in D. magna. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the toxicity of BPA analogs and provide empirical evidence for finding safe alternatives to BPA.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a typical endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) used worldwide. Considering its adverse effects, BPA has been banned or strictly restricted in some nations, and many analogs have been introduced to the market. In this study, we selected three representative substitutes, BPS, BPF, and BPAF, along with BPA, to assess the developmental and reproductive effects on Daphnia magna. The F0 generation was exposed to bisphenols (BPs) at an environmentally relevant concentration (100 mu g/L) for 21 d; then the embryo spawn at day 21 was collected. Behavior traits, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and gene transcription were evaluated at three developmental stages (days 7, 14, and 21). Notably, body length, heart rate, and thoracic limb beating were significantly decreased, and D. magna behaved more sluggishly in the exposed group. Moreover, exposure to BPs significantly increased the antioxidant enzymatic activities, which indicated that BPs activated the antioxidant defense system. Additionally, gene expression indicated intergenerational effects in larvae, particularly in the BPAF group. In conclusion, BPA analogs such as BPF and BPAF showed similar or stronger reproductive and developmental toxicity than BPA in D. magna. These findings collectively deepen our understanding of the toxicity of BPA analogs and provide empirical evidence for screening safe alternatives to BPA.
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