3-D Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensors: Review in Different Approaches

With the demand for miniaturized devices, the development of 3-D-printing (3-DP) techniques to create sensors has emerged in the recent decade. 3-DP is not the only technique used to construct 3-D sensors (3-DS) and 3-D structures created from composites but also used for this purpose. This review reveals the most used technologies for the creation of electrochemical sensors, where 3-D electrodes (3-DE) are involved: 3-DP, plating, and composite formation. Fabrication and applications reported in the years 2020 and 2021 are summarized, and clairvoyance for most perspective directions is given.

Automated summary

With the growing demand for miniaturized devices, the emergence of 3-D printing techniques for creating sensors has become a trend in recent years. This review summarizes the most commonly used technologies for creating electrochemical sensors, including 3-D printing, plating, and composite formation. It also provides an overview of the fabrication and applications reported in 2020 and 2021, as well as insights into future directions.