Exploring soluble and colloidally transported trace elements in stalagmites: The strontium-yttrium connection

While seasonality in speleothem trace element signatures is well-documented, the parameters that control the emergence of laminations vary between elements and tend to be multi-factorial. Here, we examine a series of active and fossil stalagmites from Asturias, Spain, with a particular focus on strontium and yttrium co-variations and fluorescent laminations. Coupled confocal fluorescence scanning light microscopy (layer counting) and time scales derived from accelerated mass spectrometry (F14C) in active stalagmites confirm that fluorescent banding is annual. This banding is coincident with Y peaks and Sr troughs, which are among the most robust trace element markers of seasonality. Strontium concentrations (in particular, the strontium partition coefficient, DSr) are positively correlated with stalagmite growth rate and are likely controlled by solution supersaturation, which is in turn controlled by seasonal variations in cave ventilation. DSr can be estimated after correcting for prior calcite precipitation using coeval Mg/Ca ratios, and is consistent with both empirical and experimental values. Meanwhile, yttrium is a proxy for colloidal organic input, and its concentration in stalagmites is likely controlled by a combination of Y drip water flux, surface retention time (i.e., how long a drip and its associated organic matter are in contact with the stalagmite surface), and dilation within the matrix (hereafter referred to as dilation). Persistent Sr-Y anti-correlation can be explained as an interplay between the individual controls on each element, and a breakdown in this relationship may be indicative of past changes in cave ventilation and/or drip hydrology. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://

Automated summary

Fluorescent laminations in stalagmites from Asturias, Spain are annual and coincide with peaks in yttrium and troughs in strontium concentrations, which are reliable seasonality markers. Strontium concentrations are positively correlated with stalagmite growth rate and controlled by solution supersaturation, influenced by seasonal variations in cave ventilation. Yttrium concentrations are controlled by drip water flux, surface retention time, and dilation within the matrix. The persistent anti-correlation between strontium and yttrium can be explained as an interplay between their individual controls.