Impact of salinity on fluid/fluid and rock/fluid interactions in enhanced oil recovery by hybrid low salinity water and surfactant flooding from fractured porous media

Wettability alteration of the porous medium from oil-wet (OW) to neutral-wet or even water-wet (WW) is proposed as one of the main mechanisms behind the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by the Low Salinity Water Flooding (LSWF). However, our recent studies for a specific crude-oil/brine/rock of the oil reservoir in the Middle East, shows that LSW (diluted sea water) is not that much effective, neither to change the wettability of the surface nor to significantly increase the oil recovery factor. This obstacle becomes more challenging when we deal with fractured formations, where the imbibition of injected fluid from fracture into matrix and its propa-gation within the matrix, is the main macroscopic mechanism of the EOR. Chemical EOR, in which the chemical additive is added to the injecting brine, is one of the hybrid techniques which can boost oil recovery in such cases. In this study, CTAB as a cationic surfactant was added to brine solutions with different ionic strengths (i.e., sea water (SW), 10 times diluted sea water (10dSW) and 2 times concentrated sea water (2cSW)). Contact angle, zeta potential of both fluid/fluid and fluid/rock surfaces, and IFT tests were conducted to shed insight on in-teractions in crude oil/brine and rock/brine interfaces and the role of ionic strength. Finally, dynamic micro -model tests were performed in oil-wet fractured porous media to observe the impact of the added surfactant along with different ionic strength on displacement mechanisms and oil recovery.Experimental results show that neither electrical double layer expansion nor multiple ion exchange mecha-nisms cannot justify the observed detachment of oil droplets from the oil-wet substrates in the presence of the CTAB. Surfactant are absorbed on the oil/brine interface by the embedment of their hydrophobic tails in oil. Both surfactant molecules and the non-polar oil components (that are attracted to hydrophobic tail of surfactant molecules), are attracted to the solution via the hydrophilic parts of the surfactants. The effectiveness of this mechanism is dependent on both the concentration of the surfactant and concentration of the ions in brine.In the case that the aforementioned mechanism is adequately dominant and effective, the small droplets of oil will be detached from continuous oil bulk, resulting in oil to be broken to smaller droplets which enhances the detachment of the oil bulk from oil-wet substrates. This fluid/fluid interaction mechanism also promotes the imbibition of the aqueous phase into the matrix and also its propagation within the matrix.

Automated summary

Wettability alteration from oil-wet to water-wet is proposed as a mechanism for enhanced oil recovery. However, in a specific crude-oil/brine/rock system, low salinity water flooding was found to be ineffective. Chemical EOR, by adding a cationic surfactant to the injecting brine, was suggested as a hybrid technique to improve oil recovery in such cases. Contact angle, zeta potential, and IFT tests, as well as dynamic micro-model tests in fractured porous media, were conducted to study the interactions and displacement mechanisms. Experimental results showed that the surfactant absorbed on the oil/brine interface, leading to detachment of oil droplets and enhancement of oil recovery.