Tree resistance to drought and bark beetle-associated mortality following thinning and prescribed fire treatments

Long-term trends show increased tree mortality over the last several decades, coinciding with above-average temperatures, high climatic water deficits, and bark beetle outbreaks. California's recent unprecedented drought (2012-2016) highlights the need to evaluate whether thinning and prescribed fire can improve indi-vidual tree drought resistance and reduce bark beetle-associated mortality. Using a thinning and prescribed fire study on the Stanislaus-Tuolumne Experimental Forest in the central Sierra Nevada implemented prior to the drought (2011-2013), we used dendrochronological methods to estimate metrics of tree vigor (i.e., growth and resin ducts) of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Douglas) and white fir (Abies lowiana [Gordon & Glend.] A. Murray bis) among treatments, as well as between trees that died from bark beetle-associated mortality and their paired counterparts that survived. We used tree vigor to estimate drought resistance as the ratio between growth during drought (2012-2016) and pre-drought (2007-2011) for both species. For sugar pine, we also created analogous ratios for multiple resin duct characteristics to evaluate defense during drought. Our findings indicate that lower competition increased growth resistance of white fir, while prescribed fire had negligible impacts on growth. This translated to lower mortality, with live white fir showing higher growth resistance than those that died. While competition did not strongly affect sugar pine growth, greater growth resistance was noted for trees that lived than trees that died. However, reduced competition and prescribed fire increased defense resistance and resin duct density and relative resin duct area were negatively associated with sugar pine mortality. Live sugar pine showed greater defense resistance than dead counterparts particularly under higher levels of competition. These findings suggest thinning can promote or maintain growth during severe drought conditions and prescribed fire can be applied with negligible costs to tree growth while also producing the additional benefit of stimulating defense systems in sugar pine, which may enable them to better survive bark beetle outbreaks. Therefore, sus-ceptibility to bark beetle-associated mortality may be ameliorated through increasing tree vigor with a combi-nation of forest thinning and prescribed fire.

Automated summary

Long-term trends indicate that increased tree mortality is related to above-average temperatures, high climatic water deficits, and bark beetle outbreaks. The recent unprecedented drought in California highlights the potential of thinning and prescribed fire in improving tree drought resistance and reducing bark beetle-associated mortality. Research conducted in the central Sierra Nevada suggests that thinning can promote tree growth during severe drought conditions, while prescribed fire can stimulate defense systems in certain tree species.