Pressing questions for science, policy, and governance in the high seas

The ocean is fundamental for all life on earth. Yet, nearly two thirds of the ocean is beyond the reach of most national laws leading to illegal, unreported, and unregulated activities. Not only do these activities threaten the future of biodiversity in these areas but they also affect the lives and livelihoods of the millions of people who depend on the high seas. It is therefore important to identify the research questions that need to be answered to overcome key knowledge gaps to ensure that we can adequately conserve, manage, and sustainably use our marine environments and resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Here we present the results of the high seas horizon scan conducted through an online survey of high seas researchers who were asked to identify and prioritise important questions for the future of the high seas. This horizon scan identified the ten most pressing research questions for the future of the high seas across each of the following eight themes: 1) governance, policy, and law, 2) climate change, 3) fisheries, 4) conservation and protection, 5) marine resources and activities, 6) ecosystems and biodiversity, 7) human rights and equity, and 8) science and innovation. As the United Nations negotiates an international Treaty to protect and sustainably manage the high seas, we hope to increase research and policy attention to these areas. The knowledge gaps identified here can also help inform the priorities and research strategies of the International Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030).

Automated summary

The ocean plays a fundamental role for all life on earth, but illegal activities thrive due to the lack of jurisdiction over two thirds of it. These activities not only pose a threat to biodiversity, but also impact the lives and livelihoods of those who depend on the high seas. To address this, a high seas horizon scan was conducted to identify the most pressing research questions and priorities for the future of the high seas. The results can inform international efforts to protect and sustainably manage these areas.