Geographic and social economic disparities in the risk of exposure to ambient air respiratory toxicants at Oklahoma licensed early care and education facilities

Background: Early life exposures to hazardous air pollutants has been associated with adverse asthma-related outcomes. Neighborhood-level social and economic factors play an essential role in the distribution of hazard-ous air pollutants and children spend a substantial amount of time at early care and education (ECE) facilities. While the indoor air quality of these facilities has been described, particularly for criteria air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds and particulate matter, little is known about the ambient air quality of ECE facilities.Objectives: We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the ambient air quality of Oklahoma licensed ECE facilities and to explore associations between ambient air quality and select geographic predictors.Methods: We estimated ambient air quality using the total respiratory hazard quotient from the National Air Toxics Assessment according to the geographical location of licensed Oklahoma ECE facilities (N = 3184). We then determined whether urban and rural ECE facilities' air respiratory toxicant exposure risk differed by ECE facilities' neighborhood-level social and economic inequities including: 1) racial-ethnic minority community, 2) neighborhood socioeconomic status, and 3) residential segregation.Results: Urban ECE facilities in Hispanic segregated counties were five times more likely to be at risk of high air respiratory exposure, adjusted for integrated urban counties (p < 0.0001, 95% CI [3.824, 7.699]). Rural ECE facilities in African American segregated counties were nine times more likely to be at risk of high air respiratory toxicant exposure, adjusted for integrated rural counties (p < 0.0001, 95% CI [5.641, 15.928]).Conclusion: We found geographically and socially disparate patterns of higher exposures to ambient air respi-ratory toxicants at Oklahoma ECE facilities. Safer siting policies and interventions are needed to mitigate air respiratory toxicant exposures, which may help to reduce asthma control disparities and improve respiratory health outcomes in Oklahoma ECE facilities.

Automated summary

This study investigated the ambient air quality of licensed early care and education (ECE) facilities in Oklahoma and explored associations between air quality and geographic factors. The study found that in urban areas, ECE facilities in Hispanic-segregated counties had a higher risk of respiratory toxicant exposure, while in rural areas, ECE facilities in African American-segregated counties had a higher risk. Therefore, measures should be taken to mitigate respiratory toxicant exposure in ECE facilities and improve air quality.