Evidence of non-tailpipe emission contributions to PM2.5 and PM10 near southern California highways

Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations near highways are influenced by vehicle tailpipe and non-tailpipe emissions, other emission sources, and urban background aerosols. This study collected PM2.5 and PM10 filter samples near two southern California highways (I-5 and I-710) over two weeks in winter 2020. Samples were analyzed for chemical source markers. Mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were approximately 10-15 and 30 mu g/m3, respectively. Organic matter, mineral dust, and elemental carbon (EC) were the most abundant PM components. EC and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at I-710 were 19-26% and 47% higher than those at the I5 sites, respectively, likely due to a larger proportion of diesel vehicles. High correlations were found for elements with common sources, such as markers for brake wear (e.g., Fe, Ba, Cu, and Zr) and road dust (e.g., Al, Si, Ca, and Mn). Based on rubber abundances, the contributions of tire tread particles to PM2.5 and PM10 mass were approximately 8.0% at I-5 and 5.5% at I-710. Two different tire brands showed significantly different Si, Zn, carbon, and natural rubber abundances.

Automated summary

This study collected PM2.5 and PM10 filter samples near two southern California highways (I-5 and I-710) during winter 2020 and analyzed them for chemical source markers. The results showed that organic matter, mineral dust, and elemental carbon (EC) were the main components of particulate matter. The concentrations of EC and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were higher near the I-710 highway, likely due to a higher proportion of diesel vehicles. High correlations were found between elements with common sources, such as markers for brake wear and road dust. Tire tread particles contributed approximately 8.0% and 5.5% to PM2.5 and PM10 mass, respectively, and different tire brands had significantly different abundances of silicon, zinc, carbon, and natural rubber.