Peering down the sink: A review of isoprene metabolism by bacteria

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is emitted to the atmosphere each year in sufficient quantities to rival methane (>500 Tg C yr(-1)), primarily due to emission by trees and other plants. Chemical reactions of isoprene with other atmospheric compounds, such as hydroxyl radicals and inorganic nitrogen species (NOx), have implications for global warming and local air quality, respectively. For many years, it has been estimated that soil-dwelling bacteria consume a significant amount of isoprene (similar to 20 Tg C yr(-1)), but the mechanisms underlying the biological sink for isoprene have been poorly understood. Studies have indicated or confirmed the ability of diverse bacterial genera to degrade isoprene, whether by the canonical iso-type isoprene degradation pathway or through other less well-characterized mechanisms. Here, we review current knowledge of isoprene metabolism and highlight key areas for further research. In particular, examples of isoprene-degraders that do not utilize the isoprene monooxygenase have been identified in recent years. This has fascinating implications both for the mechanism of isoprene uptake by bacteria, and also for the ecology of isoprene-degraders in the environments.

Automated summary

Isoprene, emitted by plants in large quantities each year, interacts with atmospheric compounds and has implications for global warming and local air quality. It has long been known that soil-dwelling bacteria consume a significant amount of isoprene, but the mechanisms underlying this biological sink have been poorly understood. Recent studies have identified bacterial genera that can degrade isoprene through different mechanisms, challenging our understanding of isoprene uptake and the ecology of isoprene-degraders.