4.5 Review

Advanced Study of Spray Cooling: From Theories to Applications

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Article Energy & Fuels

Two-phase spray cooling for high ambient temperature data centers: Evaluation of system performance

Ranjith Kandasamy et al.

Summary: The newly developed spray cooled system offers an energy-saving cooling solution for high-performance servers in data centers, showing better performance in heat dissipation. Key operating parameters include spray nozzle flow rate, condenser fan power, and condenser flow rate.

APPLIED ENERGY (2022)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental investigation on intermittent spray cooling and toxic hazards of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway

Lin Zhang et al.

Summary: This study investigates the effectiveness of intermittent spray cooling during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries. It found that the internal temperature of the battery is significantly higher than the surface temperature, and intermittent spray with more pulses of shorter duration provides better cooling effect. Additionally, the production of toxic gases CO and HF increases with higher state of charge during thermal runaway.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2022)

Article Engineering, Biomedical

Light transmittance dynamics and spectral absorption characteristics during auxiliary cryogen spray cooling in laser dermatology

Jiameng Tian et al.

Summary: Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) is widely used in laser dermatologic surgery to reduce the risk of thermal damage to the epidermis. This study investigated the light absorption and attenuation properties of cryogen sprays using R-134a, R-404A, and R-32. The results showed that R-32 spray had the highest light transmittance, lowest light absorption, and highest cooling capability, making it a promising choice for clinical application.

LASERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE (2022)

Review Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Spray Cooling on Enhanced Surfaces: A Review of the Progress and Mechanisms

Ruina Xu et al.

Summary: The rapid development of high-power electronic, energy, and propulsion systems has led to the need for more efficient cooling techniques. Spray cooling has been proven effective in various applications, but its cooling capacity and efficiency need further improvement for next-generation ultrahigh-power applications. Surface engineering using state-of-the-art manufacturing techniques has shown promise in enhancing spray cooling, but the mechanisms of surface-enhanced spray cooling are still not well understood. This review evaluates and compares the performances of different surface structures in spray cooling and proposes a clear map of enhancement mechanisms to guide engineered surface design.

JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC PACKAGING (2022)

Article Thermodynamics

Numerical investigation on heat transfer enhancement and surface temperature non-uniformity improvement of spray cooling

Tao Yang et al.

Summary: This study numerically investigated heat transfer enhancement and surface temperature non-uniformity (STNU) improvement of spray cooling using CFD. Results showed different optimal spray heights for heat transfer and STNU, leading to the development of two methods to enhance heat transfer and reduce STNU. Spray-array jets cooling was found to minimize STNU compared to traditional spray cooling cases. Various liquid film microscopic characteristics and droplet distribution were identified as key factors influencing heat transfer and STNU.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES (2022)

Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Assessment and management of health status in full life cycle of echelon utilization for retired power lithium batteries

Haopeng Chen et al.

Summary: This paper discusses the significant increase in market share in the global electric vehicle industry in recent years and the subsequent large-scale decommissioning of power batteries. Governments and industries worldwide are promoting echelon utilization of retired power lithium batteries, leading to new health assessment systems and analysis methods for battery health status. The focus is on multi-scale, multi-dimensional, and multi-physical field assessments for battery health, as well as the development of integrated multi-stage and multi-level battery health management solutions throughout the life cycle.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2022)

Article Thermodynamics

Investigation on the spray cooling performance with liquid nitrogen

Yangzi She et al.

Summary: The experimental investigation on liquid nitrogen spray cooling revealed that larger heated surface size leads to decreased heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. The study found the maximum heat flux and maximum heat transfer coefficient under different superheat conditions during spray cooling.

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2022)

Article Energy & Fuels

Experimental investigation of spray cooling performance in non-boiling zone on rough superhydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces

Jiale Huang et al.

Summary: Spray cooling has a wide range of applications in the heat dissipation of high-power devices. The study found that surface roughness does not significantly affect the heat transfer coefficient in the non-boiling zone, while superhydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces have lower heat transfer coefficients compared to smooth surfaces.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH (2022)

Review Energy & Fuels

Advance and prospect of power battery thermal management based on phase change and boiling heat transfer

Haopeng Chen et al.

Summary: This paper comprehensively reviews the applications and research progress of phase change and boiling heat transfer technology in the field of power battery thermal management. It analyzes the existing problems and future development trends.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2022)

Article Engineering, Civil

Experimental investigation of water spray on suppressing lithium-ion battery fires

Lin Zhang et al.

Summary: Water spray can effectively extinguish LIB fires and reduce the maximum temperature, but has no significant difference in cooling rate after temperature recovery. The contact efficiency decreases with increasing water pressure, impacting the effectiveness of water spray on batteries. Water spray plays a positive role in inhibiting thermal runaway propagation.

FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental study on active control of refrigerant emergency spray cooling of thermal abnormal power battery

Yubin Liu et al.

Summary: This paper proposes an active control method of refrigerant spray to inhibit heat and combustion in thermal accidents for electric vehicle batteries, achieving rapid cooling and flame suppression through collaborative control of the spray nozzle and venting port.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2021)

Article Engineering, Biomedical

A new mathematical model for accurate quantification of cryogen spray cooling in cutaneous laser surgery using realistic boundary conditions

Wenjuan Wu et al.

Summary: A new dynamic correlation model was proposed to accurately quantify the effect of transient cryogen spray cooling (CSC) in laser dermatologic surgery. Simulation results indicated that the optimal CSC duration should be short with a shorter spray distance to achieve better cooling effect.

LASERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Thermal management strategy for electronic chips based on combination of a flat-plate heat pipe and spray cooling

Juan Zhao et al.

Summary: With the development of electronic technology, a thermal management strategy combining flat-plate heat pipe (FPHP) and spray cooling was designed to improve heat dissipation performance. The best performance was achieved at a heat flux of 20-40 W/cm(2), with the lowest thermal resistance and highest thermal conductivity.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental study on heat transfer and power consumption of low-pressure spray cooling

Liansheng Liu et al.

Summary: The study constructed an experimental system to investigate the heat transfer characteristics and power consumption of low-pressure spray cooling comprehensively. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient can reach 1.8 W/cm(2) K at low spray pressure, and the optimal spray height varied with different spray pressures. A performance evaluation criterion was proposed to quantify the overall performance of the spray, with the highest value observed at low pressures, indicating an optimal height for maximizing performance.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Internal and external flow characteristics of multi-nozzle spray with liquid nitrogen

Rong Xue et al.

Summary: The multi-nozzle spray cooling with liquid nitrogen can achieve high heat transfer rate and uniform temperature for a large-scale environmental simulation system. Understanding the flow characteristics is crucial to controlling the mass flow rates and temperature distribution in a cryogenic system. The experimental and numerical approach reveals the flow characteristics of the multi-nozzle spray with liquid nitrogen, providing insights for practical engineering applications.

CRYOGENICS (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Low flow rate spray cooling by a flow blurring injector

M. Jafari et al.

Summary: Experimental investigation on spray cooling characteristics of a flow blurring injector shows that maximum cooling heat flux ranges from 61 to 193 W/cm(2) depending on various parameters. Formation of fine droplets at higher air flow rates contributes to a 60% improvement in maximum cooling heat flux. The flow blurring injector demonstrates four advantages over previous twin-fluid injectors, achieving the same heat flux with significantly lower liquid consumption rate.

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Investigation on a gas-atomized spray cooling upon flat and micro-structured surfaces

Ji-Xiang Wang et al.

Summary: The study investigates the application of gas-atomized spray cooling technology in electronics cooling, validates its advantages in improving the heat transfer coefficient through experimental data, and provides a mechanism explanation.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

An efficient pulsed- spray water cooling system for photovoltaic panels: Experimental study and cost analysis

Amirhosein Hadipour et al.

Summary: Cooling of photovoltaic panels is crucial for enhancing electrical efficiency and extending lifespan. The use of a pulsed-spray water cooling system can improve efficiency and reduce water consumption. From an economic perspective, pulsed-spray water cooling is an efficient new cooling method.

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental study and application of an artificial neural network (ANN) model on pulsed spray cooling heat transfer on a vertical surface

P. Liu et al.

Summary: The experimental study showed a direct relationship between nozzle flow rate and duty cycle in pulsed spray cooling heat transfer, with a more significant impact of spray frequency on heat flux at lower duty cycles. Pulsed spray cooling proved to be more efficient than continuous spray cooling, and a new correlation was developed and an ANN model successfully used to improve predictability. ANN demonstrated superior accuracy compared to empirical correlations, making it a promising method for enhanced control accuracy in active spray control systems.

EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND FLUID SCIENCE (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Numerical study and experimental verification on spray cooling with nanoencapsulated phase-change material slurry (NPCMS)

H. Wan et al.

Summary: In this study, a spray cooling regime with nanoencapsulated phase-change material slurry (NPCMS) is proposed to improve the coolant's heat capacity. A three-dimensional model is developed based on DPM and LWF models, with the integrated equivalent heat capacity method. Experimental results show that NPCMS greatly enhances heat transfer coefficient while reducing uniformity, with optimal performance at specific initial temperature. Lower surface tension and viscosity benefit spray cooling performance.

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS IN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Theoretical study of heat transfer enhancement mechanism of high alcohol surfactant in spray cooling

Yi-Yi Li et al.

Summary: The use of high alcohol surfactant in spray cooling enhances heat transfer mainly by reducing surface tension, increasing droplet diameter, and subsequently increasing liquid film thickness and velocity. The improved heat transfer performance is primarily attributed to the increased Weber number.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES (2021)

Article Nuclear Science & Technology

Multi-nozzle spray cooling of a reactor pressure vessel steel plate for the application of ex-vessel cooling

Satya V. Ravikumar Bandaru et al.

Summary: The study investigated the impact of different angles of the steel surface on the cooling performance of spray cooling. The results showed promising prospects of using a multi-nozzle array system for cooling large surface areas, with higher heat fluxes being safely extracted compared to natural convection cooling.

NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN (2021)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental investigation of surface temperature non-uniformity in spray cooling

Xiao Zhao et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2020)

Article Thermodynamics

Numerical investigation on heat transfer of water spray cooling from single-phase to nucleate boiling region

Chang Cai et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES (2020)

Article Thermodynamics

HFE-7100/HFE-7300 spray quenching via a piezoelectric atomizer with a single-hole micronozzle

Shou-Shing Hsieh et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2020)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental investigation on the vectoring spray based on a novel synthetic jet actuator

Wei He et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2020)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Numerical simulation of evaporating charged sprays in spray chilling

Antoni Brentjes et al.

JOURNAL OF ELECTROSTATICS (2020)

Article Thermodynamics

Heat-pipe based spray-cooling thermal management system for lithium-ion battery: Experimental study and optimization

Shurong Lei et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2020)

Article Thermodynamics

CFD water spray model development and physical parameter study on the evaporative cooling

Fabien Raoult et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2019)

Article Thermodynamics

Ground-Based Near-Space-Oriented Spray Cooling: Temperature Uniformity Analysis and Performance Prediction

Ji-Xiang Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER (2019)

Article Thermodynamics

Analysis and prediction of single-phase and two-phase cooling characteristics of intermittent sprays

Xiao Zhao et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2019)

Article Thermodynamics

Cooling control of thermally-induced thermal runaway in 18,650 lithium ion battery with water mist

Tong Liu et al.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2019)

Article Nuclear Science & Technology

Investigation of droplet behaviors for spray cooling using level set method

Mehrdad Shahmohammadi Beni et al.

ANNALS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY (2018)

Article Thermodynamics

Modelling of liquid nitrogen spray cooling in an electronic equipment cabin under low pressure

Chao Wang et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2018)

Article Thermodynamics

Investigation of heat transfer mechanism of low environmental pressure large-space spray cooling for near-space flight systems

Ji-Xiang Wang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2018)

Review Nuclear Science & Technology

CFD simulation of spray cooling in the model containment THAI

C. Kaltenbach et al.

NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN (2018)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Synthesis of Cu-Al LDH nanofluid and its application in spray cooling heat transfer of a hot steel plate

Samarshi Chakraborty et al.

POWDER TECHNOLOGY (2018)

Article Thermodynamics

Energy saving potential of using heat pipes for CPU cooling

Yabo Wang et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2018)

Article Thermodynamics

Effects of nozzle positioning on single-phase spray cooling

Xuan Gao et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2017)

Article Thermodynamics

Transient spray cooling: Similarity of dynamic heat flux for different cryogens, nozzles and substrates

Jia-Meng Tian et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2017)

Review Thermodynamics

Review of spray cooling - Part 1: Single-phase and nucleate boiling regimes, and critical heat flux

Gangtao Liang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2017)

Article Thermodynamics

Numerical simulation of cryogen spray cooling by a three-dimensional hybrid vortex method

Rui Wang et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2017)

Article Engineering, Aerospace

Ground experimental investigations into an ejected spray cooling system for space closed-loop application

Zhang Hongsheng et al.

CHINESE JOURNAL OF AERONAUTICS (2016)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental study on optimal spray parameters of piezoelectric atomizer based spray cooling

Hua Chen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2016)

Article Thermodynamics

Investigation of a spray cooling system with two nozzles for space application

Ji-Xiang Wang et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2015)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental investigation of large area spray cooling with compact chamber in the non-boiling regime

Wen-Long Cheng et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2015)

Article Thermodynamics

CFD analysis of the impact of physical parameters on evaporative cooling by a mist spray system

Hamid Montazeri et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2015)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Evaporative cooling by water spray systems: CFD simulation, experimental validation and sensitivity analysis

H. Montazeri et al.

BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT (2015)

Article Thermodynamics

An experimental comparison of heat transfer characteristic between R134-a and R22 in spray cooling

Shuangtao Chen et al.

EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND FLUID SCIENCE (2015)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental investigation of spray cooling on micro-, nano- and hybrid-structured surfaces

Zhen Zhang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2015)

Article Thermodynamics

Effect of droplet flash evaporation on vacuum flash evaporation cooling: Modeling

Wen-long Cheng et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2015)

Article Thermodynamics

Heat transfer enhancement using air-atomized spray cooling with water-Al2O3 nanofluid

Satya V. Ravikumar et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES (2015)

Article Thermodynamics

A microspray-based cooling system for high powered LEDs

Shou-Shing Hsieh et al.

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT (2014)

Article Thermodynamics

Multi-nozzle array spray cooling for large area high power devices in a closed loop system

J. L. Xie et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2014)

Article Thermodynamics

High heat flux spray cooling with ammonia: Investigation of enhanced surfaces for HTC

Huseyin Bostanci et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2014)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental investigation of spray cooling on smooth and micro-structured surfaces

Zhen Zhang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2014)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Characteristics of lithium-ion batteries during fire tests

Fredrik Larsson et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2014)

Article Thermodynamics

Heat transfer enhancement of spray cooling with ammonia by microcavity surfaces

B. H. Yang et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2013)

Article Thermodynamics

Multi-nozzle spray cooling for high heat flux applications in a closed loop system

Y. B. Tan et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2013)

Article Thermodynamics

Study of heat transfer enhancement for structured surfaces in spray cooling

J. L. Xie et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2013)

Article Thermodynamics

Effect of the spray cone angle in the spray cooling with R134a

Eduardo Martinez-Galvan et al.

EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND FLUID SCIENCE (2013)

Article Thermodynamics

Large area impingement spray cooling from multiple normal and inclined spray nozzles

Z. B. Yan et al.

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2013)

Article Thermodynamics

Characterization of spray atomization and heat transfer of pressure swirl nozzles

J. L. Xie et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES (2013)

Article Thermodynamics

Thin liquid film flow and heat transfer under spray impingement

J. L. Xie et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2012)

Article Thermodynamics

Heat transfer of spray cooling using alumina/water nanofluids with full cone nozzles

Hana Bellerova et al.

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2012)

Article Thermodynamics

Theoretical investigation on the mechanism of surface temperature non-uniformity formation in spray cooling

Wen-Long Cheng et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2012)

Article Thermodynamics

Effects of particle volume fraction on spray heat transfer performance of Al2O3-water nanofluid

Tong-Bou Chang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2012)

Article Thermodynamics

An experimental study on the spray and thermal characteristics of R134a two-phase flashing spray

Zhou Zhifu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2012)

Article Thermodynamics

Spray cooling by solid jet nozzles using alumina/water nanofluids

Hana Bellerova et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES (2012)

Article Mechanics

Thermal boundary layer analysis corresponding to droplet train impingement

Mario F. Trujillo et al.

PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (2012)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental characterization of heat transfer in non-boiling spray cooling with two nozzles

Yujia Tao et al.

APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING (2011)

Article Thermodynamics

Heat Flux Correlation for Spray Cooling in the Nonboiling Regime

Yaqing Wang et al.

HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING (2011)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental study on the effects of spray inclination on water spray cooling performance in non-boiling regime

Yaqing Wang et al.

EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND FLUID SCIENCE (2010)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental investigation of parameters effect on heat transfer of spray cooling

Wen-Long Cheng et al.

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2010)

Article Mechanics

Dynamic pressure based prediction of spray cooling heat transfer coefficients

Bahman Abbasi et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW (2010)

Article Thermodynamics

Nanofiber coating of surfaces for intensification of drop or spray impact cooling

R. Srikar et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2009)

Article Thermodynamics

Direct Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in Spray Cooling Through 3D Multiphase Flow Modeling Using Parallel Computing

Suranjan Sarkar et al.

JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME (2009)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Improving the effectiveness of a photovoltaic water pumping system by spraying water over the front of photovoltaic cells

M. Abdolzadeh et al.

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2009)

Article Thermodynamics

Theoretical and experimental study of the effects of spray inclination on two-phases spray cooling and critical heat flux

Milan Visaria et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2008)

Article Thermodynamics

Experimental study of non-boiling heat transfer from a horizontal surface by water sprays

Nitin Karwa et al.

EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL AND FLUID SCIENCE (2007)

Article Thermodynamics

Surface wettability change during pool boiling of nanofluids and its effect on critical heat flux

S. J. Kim et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2007)

Article Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications

Three-dimensional numerical investigation of a droplet impinging normally onto a wall film

N. Nikolopoulos et al.

JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS (2007)

Article Thermodynamics

Boiling heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids jet impingement on a plate surface

Zhen-Hua Liu et al.

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2007)

Article Thermodynamics

R-134a spray dynamics and impingement cooling in the non-boiling regime

Shou-Shing Hsieh et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2007)

Article Thermodynamics

Spray cooling of enhanced surfaces: Impact of structured surface geometry and spray axis inclination

Eric A. Silk et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2006)

Article Thermodynamics

Direct simulation of spray cooling: Effect of vapor bubble growth and liquid droplet impact on heat transfer

R. Panneer Selvam et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2006)

Article Thermodynamics

Adiabatic and diabatic measurements of the liquid film thickness during spray cooling with FC-72

A. G. Pautsch et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2006)

Article Dermatology

Thermal and flow measurements of continuous cryogenic spray cooling

SS Hsieh et al.

ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2006)

Article Thermodynamics

Spray impingement cooling with single- and multiple-nozzle arrays. Part I: Heat transfer data using FC-72

AG Pautsch et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2005)

Article Thermodynamics

Single nozzle spray cooling heat transfer mechanisms

B Horacek et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2005)

Article Thermodynamics

A comparative study of cooling of high power density electronics using sprays and microjets

M Fabbri et al.

JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME (2005)

Article Thermodynamics

Spray cooling in a closed system with different fractions of non-condensibles in the environment

SJ Jiang et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2004)

Article Thermodynamics

Evaporative spray cooling of plain and microporous coated surfaces

JH Kim et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2004)

Article Thermodynamics

Heat transfer characteristics of spray cooling in a closed loop

LC Lin et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2003)

Article Thermodynamics

Effects of spray characteristics on critical heat flux in subcooled water spray cooling

RH Chen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER (2002)

Article Thermodynamics

Bubble behavior and nucleate boiling heat transfer in saturated FC-72 spray cooling

DP Rini et al.

JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME (2002)