Progress in oral insulin delivery by PLGA nanoparticles for the management of diabetes

Currently, the only practical way to treat type 1 and advanced insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1/2DM) is the frequent subcutaneous injection of insulin, which is significantly different physiologically from endogenous insulin secretion from pancreatic islets and can lead to hyperinsu-linemia, pain, and infection in patients with poor compliance. Hence, oral insulin delivery has been actively pursued to revolutionize the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress in developing poly(lactic co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for oral insulin delivery. Different strategies for insulin-loaded PLGA NPs to achieve normo-glycemic effects are discussed. Finally, challenges and future perspectives of PLGA NPs for oral insulin delivery are put forward.

Automated summary

Currently, the only practical way to treat type 1 and advanced insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1/2DM) is the frequent subcutaneous injection of insulin, which has limitations and can lead to complications. Therefore, the development of oral insulin delivery has been actively pursued. In this review, recent progress in utilizing poly(lactic co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for oral insulin delivery is summarized, along with strategies to achieve normoglycemic effects. Challenges and future perspectives of using PLGA NPs for oral insulin delivery are also discussed.