Engineering metaphase spindles: Construction site and building blocks

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Naegleria's mitotic spindles are built from unique tubulins and highlight core spindle features

Katrina B. Velle et al.

Summary: Naegleria gruberi is a unicellular eukaryote that is useful for studying the last common eukaryotic ancestor. Its mitotic spindle is a distinctive barrel-like structure with unique properties.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Purification of functional Plasmodium falciparum tubulin allows for the identification of parasite-specific microtubule inhibitors

William G. Hirst et al.

Summary: Cytoskeletal proteins are crucial for parasite survival and the study of parasite tubulin may lead to the development of novel antimalarials. This study successfully purified and characterized tubulin from Plasmodium falciparum, finding that it shares similarity with plant tubulin rather than mammalian tubulin. This opens up the possibility of finding compounds that can selectively disrupt parasite microtubules without affecting the host cell cytoskeleton.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

A monoastral mitotic spindle determines lineage fate and position in the mouse embryo

Oz Pomp et al.

Summary: This study reveals that heterogeneities in cell polarity in early mouse embryos trigger the assembly of a highly asymmetric spindle organization, determining the fate of inner cell mass versus trophectoderm.

NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biology

Correlative all-optical quantification of mass density and mechanics of subcellular compartments with fluorescence specificity

Raimund Schluessler et al.

Summary: Quantitative measurements of physical parameters are increasingly important for understanding biological processes. In this study, a novel method combining Brillouin microscopy with optical diffraction tomography and epifluorescence imaging is presented for explicitly measuring the Brillouin shift, refractive index, and absolute density with specificity to fluorescently labeled structures. Neglecting refractive index and density can lead to erroneous conclusions.

ELIFE (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Spatial and Temporal Scaling of Microtubules and Mitotic Spindles

Benjamin Lacroix et al.

Summary: The mitotic spindle, comprised of microtubules, plays a crucial role in chromosome alignment and partitioning during cell division. It has the ability to adapt its size to cell dimensions, which is particularly important during early embryo cleavage. However, the mechanisms behind the spatial and temporal scaling of the mitotic spindle are still unknown.

CELLS (2022)

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Article Cell Biology

Physical properties of the cytoplasm modulate the rates of microtubule polymerization and depolymerization

Arthur T. Molines et al.

Summary: The concentration of the cytoplasm has a linear and inverse relationship with the rates of microtubule polymerization and depolymerization, indicating that changes in cytoplasmic viscosity play a key role in modulating these reactions.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2022)

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Article Biology

Single-cell monitoring of dry mass and dry mass density reveals exocytosis of cellular dry contents in mitosis

Teemu P. Miettinen et al.

Summary: This study reveals that mammalian cells lose dry mass and increase dry mass density upon entering mitosis, with large non-genetic variability. These changes are reversed at the metaphase-anaphase transition, and dry mass continues to accumulate. Early mitotic cells increase lysosomal exocytosis, and inhibition of this process reduces dry mass loss and dry mass density increase. Overall, this work provides a new method for monitoring single-cell dry mass and density, and uncovers the connection between mitosis and extensive exocytosis-mediated secretion of cellular contents.

ELIFE (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Cytoplasm's Got Moves

Shayan Shamipour et al.

Summary: The cytoplasm is a gel-like crowded environment composed of various macromolecules and organelles, with highly organized and heterogeneous structure that restricts the diffusive dynamics of molecules. Despite its crowded nature at the microscopic scale, large-scale reorganization of the cytoplasm is required for important cellular functions, such as cell division and polarization. The mechanisms by which the cytoskeleton drives cytoplasmic reorganization across different scales, structures, and species are only beginning to be understood.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2021)

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Article Physics, Multidisciplinary

Intracellular softening and increased viscoelastic fluidity during division

Sebastian Hurst et al.

Summary: During cell division, the cell cortex stiffens while the rest of the cell interior softens, possibly due to a role switch between microtubules and actin.

NATURE PHYSICS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

The Xenopus spindle is as dense as the surrounding cytoplasm

Abin Biswas et al.

Summary: The study utilized fluorescence imaging and label-free three-dimensional optical diffraction tomography to measure the mass density distribution of the Xenopus spindle, revealing that the spindle has the same density as its surroundings and can be modulated by tuning microtubule nucleation and dynamics.ODT provides direct, unbiased, and quantitative information of the spindle's emergent physical properties, essential for advancing predictive frameworks of spindle assembly and function.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

α-tubulin tail modifications regulate microtubule stability through selective effector recruitment, not changes in intrinsic polymer dynamics

Jiayi Chen et al.

Summary: The study reveals that the stability of microtubules is influenced by the selective recruitment effect of modified microtubule subpopulations. It was found that tyrosination quantitatively tunes CLIP-170 density at the growing plus end, indicating a synergistic upregulation of dynamicity of tyrosinated microtubules by CLIP170 and EB1.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2021)

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Article Biology

Variations of intracellular density during the cell cycle arise from tip-growth regulation in fission yeast

Pascal D. Odermatt et al.

Summary: Research has found that dry-mass density in fission yeast exhibits homeostatic behavior but varies during the cell cycle, largely influenced by a constant rate of biomass synthesis, slowdown of volume growth during cell division, and rapid expansion post-cytokinesis. Density changes are exacerbated by arrests at specific cell-cycle stages, and spatially heterogeneous patterns of density suggest links with density regulation, tip growth, and intracellular osmotic pressure. The systematic density variations during the cell cycle are predominantly due to modulation of volume expansion, revealing functional consequences of density gradients and cell-cycle arrests.

ELIFE (2021)

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Article Physics, Fluids & Plasmas

Crowder and surface effects on self-organization of microtubules

Sumon Sahu et al.

Summary: By altering the properties of crowders, such as type, size, and molecular weight, researchers found that it affects the organization of microtubules. Comparing simulations with experiments, a scaling law associated with fanlike patterns in the absence of crosslinkers was observed. Tactoids formed in the presence of crosslinkers show variable length, depending on the crowders.

PHYSICAL REVIEW E (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

The tubulin code and its role in controlling microtubule properties and functions

Carsten Janke et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Relevance and Regulation of Cell Density

Gabriel E. Neurohr et al.

TRENDS IN CELL BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Differences in Intrinsic Tubulin Dynamic Properties Contribute to Spindle Length Control in Xenopus Species

William G. Hirst et al.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

The Tubulin Code in Microtubule Dynamics and Information Encoding

Antonina Roll-Mecak

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Microtubules Enhance Mesoscale Effective Diffusivity in the Crowded Metaphase Cytoplasm

Lina Carlini et al.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Simultaneous time-varying viscosity, elasticity, and mass measurements of single adherent cancer cells across cell cycle

Olaoluwa O. Adeniba et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

The Tubulin Code in Mitosis and Cancer

Danilo Lopes et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Spindle Scaling Is Governed by Cell Boundary Regulation of Microtubule Nucleation

Elisa Maria Rieckhoff et al.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Effects of α-tubulin acetylation on microtubule structure and stability

Lisa Eshun-Wilson et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2019)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Kif2a Scales Meiotic Spindle Size in Hymenochirus boettgeri

Kelly E. Miller et al.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Soluble tubulin is significantly enriched at mitotic centrosomes

Johannes Baumgart et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Spontaneous emergence of cell-like organization in Xenopus egg extracts

Xianrui Cheng et al.

SCIENCE (2019)

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Article Physics, Multidisciplinary

Measuring and modeling polymer concentration profiles near spindle boundaries argues that spindle microtubules regulate their own nucleation

Bryan Kaye et al.

NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS (2018)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Switch in Microtubule Orientation during C. elegans Meiosis

Stefanie Redemann et al.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Human β-Tubulin Isotypes Can Regulate Microtubule Protofilament Number and Stability

Shih-Chieh Ti et al.

DEVELOPMENTAL CELL (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Dual-spindle formation in zygotes keeps parental genomes apart in early mammalian embryos

Judith Reichmann et al.

SCIENCE (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Tubulin isoform composition tunes microtubule dynamics

Annapurna Vemu et al.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL (2017)

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Review Cell Biology

Mitotic spindle assembly in animal cells: a fine balancing act

Suzanna L. Prosser et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Spindle asymmetry drives non-Mendelian chromosome segregation

Takashi Akera et al.

SCIENCE (2017)

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Review Biology

The Consequences of Chromosome Segregation Errors in Mitosis and Meiosis

Tamara Potapova et al.

BIOLOGY-BASEL (2017)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Graded Control of Microtubule Severing by Tubulin Glutamylation

Max L. Valenstein et al.

CELL (2016)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Tyrosination of α-tubulin controls the initiation of processive dynein-dynactin motility

Richard J. McKenney et al.

EMBO JOURNAL (2016)

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Article Cell Biology

The structured core of human β tubulin confers isotype-specific polymerization properties

Melissa C. Pamula et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2016)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Macromolecular Crowding In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Between

German Rivas et al.

TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES (2016)

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Article Cell Biology

Optical volume and mass measurements show that mammalian cells swell during mitosis

Ewa Zlotek-Zlotkiewicz et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2015)

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Article Cell Biology

An organelle-exclusion envelope assists mitosis and underlies distinct molecular crowding in the spindle region

Nina Schweizer et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2015)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Microtubule detyrosination guides chromosomes during mitosis

Marin Barisic et al.

SCIENCE (2015)

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Article Cell Biology

TPX2 levels modulate meiotic spindle size and architecture in Xenopus egg extracts

Kara J. Helmke et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2014)

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Article Cell Biology

Regulation of microtubule motors by tubulin isotypes and post-translational modifications

Minhajuddin Sirajuddin et al.

NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (2014)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

What is the total number of protein molecules per cell volume? A call to rethink some published values

Ron Milo

BIOESSAYS (2013)

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Article Cell Biology

XMAP215 activity sets spindle length by controlling the total mass of spindle microtubules

Simone B. Reber et al.

NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (2013)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cytoplasmic Volume Modulates Spindle Size During Embryogenesis

Matthew C. Good et al.

SCIENCE (2013)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Katanin Contributes to Interspecies Spindle Length Scaling in Xenopus

Rose Loughlin et al.

CELL (2011)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Insights into the Micromechanical Properties of the Metaphase Spindle

Yuta Shimamoto et al.

CELL (2011)

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Review Cell Biology

Control of Mitotic Spindle Length

Gohta Goshima et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, VOL 26 (2010)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The elegans of spindle assembly

Thomas Mueller-Reichert et al.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES (2010)

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Article Cell Biology

Tubulin polyglutamylation stimulates spastin-mediated microtubule severing

Benjamin Lacroix et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2010)

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Article Cell Biology

Motor-dependent microtubule disassembly driven by tubulin tyrosination

Leticia Peris et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2009)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evidence for an upper limit to mitotic spindle length

Martin Wuehr et al.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2008)

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Article Cell Biology

Xenopus tropicalis egg extracts provide insight into scaling of the mitotic spindle

Katherine S. Brown et al.

JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY (2007)

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Article Cell Biology

Microtubule regulation in mitosis: Tubulin phosphorylation by the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk1

A Fourest-Lieuvin et al.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL (2006)

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Review Cell Biology

The spindle cycle in budding yeast

M Winey et al.

NATURE CELL BIOLOGY (2001)

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Engineering metaphase spindles: Construction site and building blocks

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