4.7 Review

Multifaceted entrancing role of glucose and its analogue, 2-deoxy-D-glucose in cancer cell proliferation, inflammation, and virus infection

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Summary: Cancer cells adapt to harsh environments by altering their metabolism, and metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment can regulate tumor progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a significant role in tumorigenesis and progression through their involvement in metabolic reprogramming. The relationship between CAFs and immune cells, as well as the implications of metabolic reprogramming, requires further investigation.

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The combination of hydroxychloroquine and 2-deoxyglucose enhances apoptosis in breast cancer cells by blocking protective autophagy and sustaining endoplasmic reticulum stress

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Energy Substrate Transporters in High-Grade Ovarian Cancer: Gene Expression and Clinical Implications

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The Antiviral Effects of 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a Dual D-Glucose and D-Mannose Mimetic, against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Highly Pathogenic Viruses

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High Glucose Accelerates Tumor Progression by Regulating MEDAG-Mediated Autophagy Levels in Breast Cancer

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Summary: Recent studies have shown that diabetes is a major risk factor for breast cancer, but the mechanism is not fully understood. This study found a relationship between mesenteric estrogen-dependent adipogenesis and breast cancer under high glucose conditions, and the MEDAG-AMPK-autophagy axis plays a vital role in breast cancer progression in diabetic patients.

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High Glucose and Hypoxia-Mediated Damage to Human Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cells Induces an Altered, Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype in BV-2 Microglia In Vitro

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Domenico Sergi et al.

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Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Induces Antitumor Immunity and Cytotoxicity in Liver Tumors in Mice

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Insulin Treatment Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 and Type 2 Diabetes

Bo Yu et al.

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Glucose or Insulin, Which Is the Culprit in Patients with COVID-19 and Diabetes?

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Chuyi Tan et al.

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Adenovirus-36 as one of the causes of obesity: the review of the pathophysiology

Ana Carolina Lobor Cancelier et al.

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LncRNA HOTAIR regulates glucose transporter Glut1 expression and glucose uptake in macrophages during inflammation

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Summary: Diabetic individuals have an increased risk of developing various cancers, particularly pancreatic cancer, due to carbonyl stress caused by the higher availability of glucose and lipids. AGE formation and inhibition play a critical role in tumor development, suggesting a potential drug target. Caronyl stress is associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer in humans and may be a mechanistic link between diabetes and cancer development.

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Metabolic profiling of attached and detached metformin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose treated breast cancer cells reveals adaptive changes in metabolome of detached cells

Jernej Repas et al.

Summary: The study found that the combined treatment with metformin and 2DG leads to detachment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, helping the cells adapt to energy stress. Detached cells have specific metabolic differences compared to attached cells, with higher levels of NADPH and lower levels of fatty acids and glutamine, and the metabolic profile of detached cells is closer to the untreated control cells. Metformin-treated cells show higher levels of fatty and amino acids and lower levels of purine nucleotides, which contributes to understanding the anticancer mechanisms of metformin.

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Hexokinases II-mediated glycolysis governs susceptibility to crizotinib in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer

Caiyu Lin et al.

Summary: The activation of ALK in ALK(+) NSCLC leads to elevated glycolysis levels, contributing to insensitivity to crizotinib. The study reveals that HK2-mediated glycolysis plays a crucial role in the increased tolerance of ALK(+) NSCLC cells to crizotinib, and 2DG may sensitize these cells to crizotinib through suppression of HK2-mediated glycolysis and the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

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Viruses and Metabolism: The Effects of Viral Infections and Viral Insulins on Host Metabolism

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Inflammation and Insulin Resistance as Risk Factors and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease

Angeles Vinuesa et al.

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Inhibition of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration promotes radiosensitisation of neuroblastoma and glioma cells

Donna L. Nile et al.

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Metabolic changes in synovial cells in early inflammation: Involvement of CREB phosphorylation in the anti-inflammatory effect of 2-deoxyglucose

Kenji Kishimoto et al.

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The prognostic outcome of 'type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer' association pivots on hypoxia-hyperglycemia axis

Ilhaam Ayaz Durrani et al.

Summary: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer are complex diseases with shared risk factors and phenotypic features. The exact molecular nature of their association remains to be fully elucidated, highlighting the critical role of HIF1 signaling in patients with both conditions and the potential therapeutic implications of targeting HIF1.

CANCER CELL INTERNATIONAL (2021)

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Inhibiting Glucose Metabolism Results in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Engin Berber et al.

Summary: Treatment with 2DG accelerates the development of HSV-induced encephalitis, prolongs viral replication in TG cells, reduces the numbers and activation of inflammatory cells and T cells, and accelerates the breakdown of latent infection in TG cells already established.

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3-Methyladenine prevents energy stress-induced necrotic death of melanoma cells through autophagy-independent mechanisms

Milica Kosic et al.

Summary: The study showed that 3-methyladenine (3MA) can prevent cancer cell death induced by energy stress through autophagy-independent mechanisms, possibly involving JNK suppression and decrease of oxidative stress. It highlights the need for caution when using 3MA as an autophagy inhibitor.

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The Antiviral Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide by Blocking the Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Its Potential Cell Surface Receptors

Jing Dai et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 poses a threat to global economy and public health, with various receptors identified as potential mediators of virus infection. Higher H2S levels have been associated with better survival rates in COVID-19 patients, suggesting a potential role for H2S in modulating virus receptors and patient outcomes.

OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

HIPK2 phosphorylates HDAC3 for NF-κB acetylation to ameliorate colitis-associated colorectal carcinoma and sepsis

Fang Zhang et al.

Summary: Inflammation is crucial for pathogen clearance, but excessive inflammation can lead to diseases like cancer and sepsis. The HIPK2-HDAC3-p65 module in macrophages functions to restrain excessive inflammation, potentially offering a new therapeutic mechanism for colitis-associated colorectal cancer and sepsis.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Narrative review of the influence of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia on colorectal cancer risk and oncological outcomes

Hsiu-Chung Cheng et al.

Summary: Diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia significantly affect the incidence, chemoresistance, and prognosis of colorectal cancer through inflammation, endocrine effects, and metabolic imbalance. Metformin shows potential as a chemopreventive agent, but its effects on cancer prognosis remain controversial. Genetic factors and epigenetic modifications also play a role in the relationship between diabetes, colorectal cancer risk, and prognosis.

TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Metabolic shifts modulate lung injury caused by infection with H1N1 influenza A virus

Katherine E. Nolan et al.

Summary: This study found that inhibiting glycolysis worsens outcomes of influenza infection, while promoting TCA cycle flux and inhibiting OXPHOS can mitigate the effects of the virus. These findings suggest that a shift to glycolysis may be host-protective in influenza.

VIROLOGY (2021)

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Metabolic preconditioning in CD4+T cells restores inducible immune tolerance in lupus-prone mice

Christopher S. Wilson et al.

Summary: The study suggests that targeting glucose and mitochondrial metabolism can enable endogenous immune tolerance mechanisms to respond to tolerance induction in an animal model of lupus, potentially restoring durable immune tolerance and offering a new approach for autoimmune and transplant settings.

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Insulin Resistance and Cancer: In Search for a Causal Link

Eusebio Chiefari et al.

Summary: Insulin resistance is closely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer, potentially promoting tumorigenesis through hyperinsulinemia, visceral adiposity dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and epigenetic modifications. The gut microbiota and certain antidiabetic medications also play intriguing roles in the development of IR-related diseases.

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Crosstalk between hypoxia-sensing ULK1/2 and YAP-driven glycolysis fuels pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development

Yu Jia et al.

Summary: The study reveals that ULK1/2 enhances hypoxic glycolysis in PDAC cells by promoting PKM2, leading to increased cell proliferation and tumor growth in mice. Combination therapy of ULK1/2 inhibitors with 2-DG or 3-BP shows antineoplastic efficacy in CDX and PDX models.

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NAD plus depletion radiosensitizes 2-DG-treated glioma cells by abolishing metabolic adaptation

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