Rarefied Broad-line Regions in Active Galactic Nuclei: Anomalous Responses in Reverberation Mapping and Implications for Weak Emission-line Quasars

Reverberation mapping (RM) is a widely used method for probing the physics of broad-line regions (BLRs) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). There is increasing preliminary evidence that the RM behaviors of broad emission lines are influenced by BLR densities; however, the influences have not been investigated systematically from a theoretical perspective. In this paper, we adopt a locally optimally emitting cloud model and use CLOUDY to obtain the one-dimensional transfer functions of the prominent UV and optical emission lines for different BLR densities. We find that the influences of BLR densities to RM behaviors mainly have three aspects. First, rarefied BLRs (with low gas densities) may show anomalous responses in RM observations. Their emission-line light curves inversely respond to the variations in continuum light curves, which may have been observed in some UV RM campaigns. Second, the different BLR densities in AGNs may result in correlations between the time lags and equivalent widths of emission lines, and may contribute to the scatters of the radius-luminosity relationships. Third, the variations in BLR densities may explain the changes in time lags in individual objects for different years. Some weak emission-line quasars are probably extreme cases of rarefied BLRs. We predict that their RM observations may show anomalous responses.

Automated summary

Reverberation mapping (RM) is widely used to study the physics of broad-line regions (BLRs) in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). This paper investigates the influence of BLR densities on RM behaviors using a locally optimally emitting cloud model. The results reveal that rarefied BLRs may exhibit anomalous responses, different BLR densities can affect the correlations between time lags and equivalent widths of emission lines, and variations in BLR densities can explain changes in time lags in individual objects for different years.