Distinguishing Dark Matter, Modified Gravity, and Modified Inertia with the Inner and Outer Parts of Galactic Rotation Curves

The missing gravity in galaxies requires dark matter, or alternatively a modification of gravity or inertia. These theoretical possibilities of fundamental importance may be distinguished by the statistical relation between the observed centripetal acceleration of particles in orbital motion and the expected Newtonian acceleration from the observed distribution of baryons in galaxies. Here predictions of cold dark matter halos, modified gravity, and modified inertia are compared and tested by a statistical sample of galaxy rotation curves from the Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves database. Modified gravity under an estimated mean external field correctly predicts the observed statistical relation of accelerations from both the inner and outer parts of rotation curves. Taken at face value there is a 6.9 sigma difference between the inner and outer parts on an acceleration plane which would be inconsistent with current proposals of modified inertia. Removing galaxies with possible systematic concerns such as central bulges or special inclinations does not change this trend. Cold dark matter halos predict a systematically deviating relation from the observed one. All aspects of rotation curves appear to be most naturally explained by modified gravity.

Automated summary

The missing gravity in galaxies can be explained by dark matter, modified gravity, or modified inertia. This study compares and tests predictions of cold dark matter halos, modified gravity, and modified inertia using a statistical sample of galaxy rotation curves. The results show that modified gravity correctly predicts the observed statistical relation of accelerations, while cold dark matter halos deviate from the observed relation. The study suggests that modified gravity is the most natural explanation for all aspects of rotation curves.