Evaluation of Pressing Issues in Ecological Momentary Assessment

The use of repeated, momentary, real-world assessment methods known as the Experience Sampling Method and Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) has been broadly embraced over the last few decades. These methods have extended our assessment reach beyond lengthy retrospective self-reports as they can capture everyday experiences in their immediate context, including affect, behavior, symptoms, and cognitions. In this review we evaluate nine conceptual, methodological, and psychometric issues about EMA with the goal of stimulating conversation and guiding future research on these matters: the extent to which participants are actually reporting momentary experiences, respondents' interpretation of momentary questions, the use of comparison standards in responding, efforts to increase the EMA reporting period beyond the moment to longer periods within a day, training of EMA study participants, concerns about selection bias of respondents, the impact of missing EMA assessments, the reliability of momentary data, and for which purposesEMAmight be considered a gold standard for assessment. Resolution of these issues should have far-reaching implications for advancing the field.

Automated summary

The Experience Sampling Method and Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) have been widely adopted in recent decades. These methods go beyond retrospective self-reports by capturing everyday experiences in their immediate context. This review identifies and evaluates nine conceptual, methodological, and psychometric issues of EMA, aiming to stimulate discussion and guide future research. Resolving these issues will significantly advance the field.