Selective Schiff base formation via gas-phase ion/ion reactions to enable differentiation of isobaric lipids in imaging mass spectrometry

The separation and identification of lipids in complex mixtures are critical to deciphering their cellular functions. Failure to resolve isobaric compounds (e.g., via high mass resolution or tandem mass spectrometry) can result in incorrect identifications in mass spectrometry experiments. In imaging mass spectrometry, unresolved peaks can also result in composite images of multiple compounds, giving inaccurate depictions of molecular distributions. Gas-phase ion/ion reactions can be used to selectively react with specific chemical functional groups on a target analyte, thereby extracting it from a complex mixture and shifting its m/z value to an unobstructed region of the mass range. Herein, we use selective Schiff base formation via a novel charge inversion ion/ion reaction to purify phosphatidylserines from other isobaric (i.e., same nominal mass) lipids and reveal their singular distributions in imaging mass spectrometry. The selective Schiff base formation between singly deprotonated phosphatidylserine (PS) lipid anions and doubly charged N,N,N ',N '-tetramethyl-N,N '-bis(6-oxohexyl) hexane-1,6-diaminium (TMODA) cations is performed using a modified commercial dual source hybrid Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. This process is demonstrated using the isobaric lipids [PS 40:6 -H](-) (m/z 834.528) and [SHexCer d38:1 -H](-) (m/z 834.576), which produces [PS 40:6 + TMODA -H -H2O](+) (m/z 1186.879), and [SHexCer d38:1 + TMODA -H](+) (m/z 1204.938) product ions following the gas-phase charge inversion reaction. These product ions differ by roughly 18 Da in mass and are easily separated by low mass resolution analysis, while the isobaric precursor ions require roughly 45,000 mass resolving power (full-width at half maximum) to separate. Imaging mass spec-trometry using targeted gas-phase ion/ion reactions shows distinct spatial distributions for the separated lipid product ions relative to the composite images of the unseparated precursor ions.

Automated summary

The separation and identification of lipids in complex mixtures are crucial for understanding their cellular functions. Failure to resolve isobaric compounds can lead to incorrect identifications and inaccurate depictions in mass spectrometry experiments. Gas-phase ion/ion reactions can selectively react with specific chemical groups to extract target analytes, allowing for better purification and separation.