4.6 Article

The Visual Mandela Effect as Evidence for Shared and Specific False Memories Across People

期刊

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
卷 33, 期 12, 页码 1971-1988

出版社

SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/09567976221108944

关键词

visual memory; recognition; visual recall; memory errors; drawing paradigm; open data; open materials

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The Mandela effect refers to the shared and consistent false memories for specific icons in popular culture. Research has shown that certain images can elicit consistent and specific false memories, despite the majority of visual experience being the canonical image.
The Mandela effect is an Internet phenomenon describing shared and consistent false memories for specific icons in popular culture. The visual Mandela effect is a Mandela effect specific to visual icons (e.g., the Monopoly Man is falsely remembered as having a monocle) and has not yet been empirically quantified or tested. In Experiment 1 (N = 100 adults), we demonstrated that certain images from popular iconography elicit consistent, specific false memories. In Experiment 2 (N = 60 adults), using eye-tracking-like methods, we found no attentional or visual differences that drive this phenomenon. There is no clear difference in the natural visual experience of these images (Experiment 3), and these errors also occur spontaneously during recall (Experiment 4; N = 50 adults). These results demonstrate that there are certain images for which people consistently make the same false-memory error, despite the majority of visual experience being the canonical image.

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