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Ivermectin: A Controversial Focal Point during the COVID-19 Pandemic

LIFE-BASEL (2022)

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Article Respiratory System

Risk factors for Covid-19 in India

Manas Pratim Roy

Summary: India was heavily impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, with varying effects across different states. This study found that the burden of Covid-19 was associated with the literacy status and economy of the state, as well as the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, overweight, and obesity. Limited resources should be directed towards areas with a high proportion of comorbid patients for better outcomes. Targeted interventions are needed to assist the poor and vulnerable in states with low literacy and health conditions.

MONALDI ARCHIVES FOR CHEST DISEASE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Repositioning Ivermectin for Covid-19 treatment: Molecular mechanisms of action against SARS-CoV-2 replication

Zheng Yao Low et al.

Summary: Ivermectin, an FDA-approved drug traditionally used for parasitic infections, has shown antiviral potential in previous in vitro studies. With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, there is growing interest in repurposing Ivermectin to combat SARS-CoV-2. Multiple studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in inhibiting viral proteins and reducing cytokine storms, making it a strong candidate for clinical trials against COVID-19.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR BASIS OF DISEASE (2022)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 Critical Illness

Kristin Schwab et al.

CRITICAL CARE CLINICS (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Ivermectin accelerates autophagic death of glioma cells by inhibiting glycolysis through blocking GLUT4 mediated JAK/STAT signaling pathway activation

Yi Feng et al.

Summary: The study found that IVM accelerates autophagic death of glioma cells by inhibiting glycolysis and promoting autophagy, possibly through blocking the GLUT4-mediated JAK/STAT signaling pathway activation.

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Could Lower Testosterone in Older Men Explain Higher COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortalities?

Luis M. Montano et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on human health. One interesting observation is that older males seem to be more susceptible to the disease, similar to previous epidemics caused by SARS-CoV and the Middle East respiratory syndrome. This gender-related difference in COVID-19 death toll could be linked to testosterone levels in men. Decreased testosterone levels with age may lead to a decrease in the health benefits it provides, making individuals more vulnerable to infections. Low testosterone levels could also affect cell calcium homeostasis, potentially facilitating the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Interventions in an Ambulatory Setting to Prevent Progression to Severe Disease in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review

Eamon O. Murchu et al.

Summary: This systematic review found that some pharmacological interventions have a certain effect in preventing severe disease in COVID-19 patients, but the certainty of evidence is low and larger, more robust trials are needed to support the routine use of these agents outside of monitored clinical trials.

ANNALS OF PHARMACOTHERAPY (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

COVID-19 Critical Illness: A Data-Driven Review

Jennifer C. Ginestra et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges in critical care medicine, including high demand for ICU resources and evolving understanding of the disease. Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is the most common form of organ failure in COVID-19 critical illness, with noninvasive respiratory support being used to reduce intubation needs. Optimal patient selection and timing of intubation remain challenging. Management of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients largely mirrors that of non-COVID-19 ARDS, with common organ failure and poor prognosis.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Immunology

Ivermectin for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Yuani M. Roman et al.

Summary: This systematic review found that in patients with mostly mild COVID-19, ivermectin did not reduce all-cause mortality, hospital stays, or viral clearance compared to the control group. Therefore, ivermectin is not a viable treatment option for COVID-19.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Editorial Material Virology

Toll-like receptor 4 in COVID-19: friend or foe?

Suprabhat Mukherjee

Summary: Toll-like receptor 4 is a key regulator of immunity and COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. Targeting Toll-like receptor 4 appears to be an effective strategy to combat the pandemic.

FUTURE VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Virology

Atypical bacterial co-infections among patients with COVID-19: A study from India

Rama Chaudhry et al.

Summary: Emerging evidence suggests co-infection with atypical bacteria in COVID-19 patients, potentially leading to clinical and laboratory diagnostic challenges. Patients with infections of Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae are more likely to develop ARDS, require respiratory support, have longer hospital stays, and a higher mortality rate compared to those infected with SARS-CoV-2 alone.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Theophylline: Old Drug in a New Light, Application in COVID-19 through Computational Studies

Luis M. Montano et al.

Summary: Theophylline is a potential adjuvant in the treatment of COVID-19 patients, as it down-regulates the inflammatory processes activated by the virus through various mechanisms. Computational simulation studies have been used to explore its applications and effects.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Early Treatment with Ivermectin among Patients with Covid-19

G. Reis et al.

Summary: This study conducted in Brazil shows that the use of ivermectin treatment does not reduce the incidence of hospitalization or prolonged observation in the emergency department in outpatients with early diagnosis of Covid-19.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Correction Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lack of efficacy of standard doses of ivermectin in severe COVID-19 patients (vol 15, e0242184, 2020)

Daniel Camprubi et al.

PLOS ONE (2022)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Ivermectin synergizes sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting multiple oncogenic pathways

Haofeng Lu et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the potential of ivermectin as a therapeutic option for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It inhibits tumor growth, metastasis, and stem cell functions through multiple pathways, and shows synergy with the existing drug sorafenib.

PHARMACOLOGY RESEARCH & PERSPECTIVES (2022)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Systematic review and meta-analysis of ivermectin for treatment of COVID-19: evidence beyond the hype

Milena Soriano Marcolino et al.

Summary: This review examines the evidence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of ivermectin in COVID-19 treatment. The findings suggest that ivermectin does not reduce mortality risk or the need for mechanical ventilation. The evidence regarding adverse effects is also very uncertain.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Letter Immunology

Bacterial Coinfection in COVID-19

Eliza Gil et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Letter Virology

Targeting human TLRs to combat COVID-19: A solution?

Ritwik Patra et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Ivermectin-functionalized multiwall carbon nanotube enhanced the locomotor activity and neuropathic pain by modulating M1/M2 macrophage and decrease oxidative stress in rat model of spinal cord injury

Alireza Rahbar et al.

Summary: The combination of IVM and IVM-MWCNT significantly improved the outcomes of experimental tasks in SCI, reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion tissues, and decreased oxidative stress levels. Additionally, IVM-MWCNT showed better results compared to IVM alone, indicating a potential novel treatment for SCI through reducing oxidative stress and altering the polarization of macrophages.

HELIYON (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Ivermectin and mortality in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials

Ahmad Fariz Malvi Zamzam Zein et al.

Summary: This study showed that ivermectin has a beneficial effect on reducing mortality in patients with COVID-19, especially in severe cases. Hypertension may reduce the benefit of ivermectin, while age, sex, and diabetes do not seem to have a significant impact on its effectiveness.

DIABETES & METABOLIC SYNDROME-CLINICAL RESEARCH & REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Quantitative proteomics reveals a broad-spectrum antiviral property of ivermectin, benefiting for COVID-19 treatment

Na Li et al.

Summary: The study identified alterations in virus infection pathways in human ovarian cancer cells treated with ivermectin, showing its broad-spectrum antiviral properties and potential for COVID-19 treatment. It demonstrated the importance of personalized medicine in addressing virus-related diseases.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Respiratory System

Role of ivermectin in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a systematic review of literature

Muhammad Waleed Chaudhry et al.

Summary: The studies reviewed the effectiveness of ivermectin as a treatment for COVID-19, showing its beneficial effects in treatment and potential in clinical trials.

ADVANCES IN RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

COVID-19: Current understanding of its Pathophysiology, Clinical presentation and Treatment

Anant Parasher

Summary: COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly spread globally and presents in a spectrum of mild, moderate, and severe illness. Diagnosis is currently based on reverse-transcription PCR of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples, with treatment including ventilation, antipyretics, antivirals, antibiotics, and steroids.

POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Bacterial coinfection in critically ill COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia

Alexandre Elabbadi et al.

Summary: The study found a high prevalence of bacterial coinfection in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia upon ICU admission, with Staphylococcus aureus being the main pathogen identified.

INFECTION (2021)

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Article Virology

In silico analyses on the comparative sensing of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA by the intracellular TLRs of humans

Abhigyan Choudhury et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the potential role of TLR3, 7, and 9 in COVID-19 immunobiology, with the viral mRNAs of NSP10, S2, and E proteins of SARS-CoV-2 binding to TLR3, TLR9, and TLR7 respectively, triggering downstream inflammatory signaling cascades. The binding of viral mRNAs leads to conformational changes in the ligand-binding domain of TLRs, validating the activation of inflammatory responses.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

From hydroxychloroquine to ivermectin: what are the anti-viral properties of anti-parasitic drugs to combat SARS-CoV-2?

S. Rakedzon et al.

Summary: Effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs are still lacking nearly a year into the COVID-19 pandemic, with some antiparasitic agents showing antiviral activity in vitro but conflicting results in clinical studies. Rigorous testing in randomized controlled trials is necessary before widespread clinical use.

JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Infectious Diseases

State-of-the-art review of secondary pulmonary infections in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia

Woon H. Chong et al.

Summary: The incidence of secondary pulmonary infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients is low, with bacterial infections at 16% (4.8-42.8%) and fungal infections at 6.3% (0.9-33.3%). These infections are predominantly seen in critically ill patients, with common bacterial microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, while Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common microorganism causing fungal infections. The time to diagnose these infections is around 10 days from initial hospitalization.

INFECTION (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

A five-day course of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 may reduce the duration of illness

Sabeena Ahmed et al.

Summary: Ivermectin, an FDA-approved anti-parasitic agent, was found to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. A trial in Bangladesh showed that a 5-day course of ivermectin can promote viral clearance in adult patients with mild COVID-19.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Effectiveness of a multidrug therapy consisting of Ivermectin, Azithromycin, Montelukast, and Acetylsalicylic acid to prevent hospitalization and death among ambulatory COVID-19 cases in Tlaxcala, Mexico

Rene Lima-Morales et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that in ambulatory COVID-19 cases in Tlaxcala, the TNR4 therapy significantly improves recovery rates and reduces the risk of hospitalization and death.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19 A Randomized Clinical Trial

Eduardo Lopez-Medina et al.

Summary: The study found that a 5-day course of ivermectin did not significantly improve the time to resolution of symptoms in adults with mild COVID-19, and does not support its use for treatment of mild COVID-19. Larger trials may be needed to understand the effects of ivermectin on other clinically relevant outcomes.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Virology

Effect of a combination of nitazoxanide, ribavirin, and ivermectin plus zinc supplement (MANS.NRIZ study) on the clearance of mild COVID-19

Hatem Elalfy et al.

Summary: This study compared the rate and time of viral clearance in patients receiving different treatments and found that patients in the combined antiviral group had a higher clearance rate.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Bacterial and fungal co-infections among COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit

Siyuan Yang et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the frequency and characteristics of respiratory co-infections in COVID-19 patients in the ICU, finding differences in respiratory pathogens between severe and critical groups. The detection of different pathogens varied between early and late ICU admission. The positive rate of fungal serum antigens increased with prolonged ICU stay.

MICROBES AND INFECTION (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy and safety of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

J. Deng et al.

Summary: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of ivermectin for treating COVID-19 based on peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials and observational studies. The results showed that ivermectin was not associated with significant reductions in time to viral clearance, duration of hospitalization, mortality, or incidence of mechanical ventilation. These findings suggest that ivermectin may not be effective in managing COVID-19.

QJM-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of adding ivermectin to treatment in severe COVID-19 patients

Nurullah Okumus et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the presence of gene mutations affecting ivermectin metabolism in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ivermectin treatment. Clinical improvement rate was higher in the ivermectin group compared to the control group after 5 days of treatment. Ivermectin showed potential in increasing clinical recovery and improving prognostic laboratory parameters in severe COVID-19 patients, suggesting it could be considered as an alternative treatment option.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Safety and Efficacy of Ivermectin and Doxycycline Monotherapy and in Combination in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Scoping Review

Subhrojyoti Bhowmick et al.

Summary: This review examined the safety and efficacy of Ivermectin (IVM) and doxycycline (DOXY) as monotherapy and combination therapy in COVID-19 management. The evidence on the efficacy of IVM, DOXY, or their combination in COVID-19 management is not strong enough to draw definitive conclusions.

DRUG SAFETY (2021)

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Article Virology

Exploring the binding efficacy of ivermectin against the key proteins of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis: an in silico approach

Abhigyan Choudhury et al.

Summary: The study suggests that ivermectin may act as a blocker of key proteins in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, showing similar antiviral efficacy and safety profile to currently used drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir. It illuminates the potential of ivermectin as an effective treatment for COVID-19.

FUTURE VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Ivermectin in combination with doxycycline for treating COVID-19 symptoms: a randomized trial

Reaz Mahmud et al.

Summary: The study found that patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 infection treated with ivermectin plus doxycycline recovered more quickly, had a reduced risk of disease progression, and were more likely to test negative by RT-PCR on day 14.

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Co-infection in critically ill, patients with COVID-19: an observational cohort study from England

Vadsala Baskaran et al.

Summary: A study in England found limited evidence for community-acquired bacterial co-infection in hospitalized adults with COVID-19, but a higher rate of Gram-negative infection acquired during ICU stay.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Ethnic differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related hospitalisation, intensive care unit admission, and death in 17 million adults in England: an observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform

Rohini Mathur et al.

Summary: The study found that some minority ethnic populations in England have higher risks of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and experiencing adverse COVID-19 outcomes compared to the White population, even after adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical, and household characteristics.

LANCET (2021)

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Review Anesthesiology

COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): Current knowledge on pathophysiology and ICU treatment-A narrative review

Carmen A. Pfortmueller et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, leading to a large number of ARDS patients. The mechanisms of CARDS include severe pulmonary infiltration/edema, altered alveolar homeostasis, and endothelial inflammation. Specific evidence-based medical interventions for CARDS are currently limited.

BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH-CLINICAL ANAESTHESIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Ivermectin for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis to Inform Clinical Guidelines

Andrew Bryant et al.

Summary: The study shows that ivermectin treatment can significantly reduce COVID-19 mortality and potentially prevent disease progression. However, evidence for ivermectin chemoprophylaxis remains low certainty and requires further research.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTICS (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of fatal patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study in Wuhan, China

Meng Jin et al.

Summary: The study found that high SOFA, qSOFA, APACHE II and SIRS scores, hypoxia, elevated inflammatory cytokines, multi-organ dysfunction, decreased immune cell subsets, and complications significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 death. In addition to traditional predictors, four prediction models including immune cells subsets, multiple organ damage biomarkers, complications, and inflammatory-related indexes were established. The combined model showed higher predictive accuracy for evaluating the death risk of COVID-19.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Attenuation of clinical and immunological outcomes during SARS-CoV-2 infection by ivermectin

Guilherme Dias de Melo et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that ivermectin can prevent clinical deterioration and reduce inflammation in the respiratory tracts of SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters through immunomodulatory pathways, suggesting its potential to improve the clinical condition of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

EMBO MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Factors associated with prompt recovery among hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Pamela Ny et al.

Summary: Factors such as female sex, absence of fever, longer time from symptom onset to hospitalisation, no need for supplemental oxygen, no direct ICU admission, and absence of bacterial co-infections can predict a prompt recovery in hospitalised COVID-19 patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Possible Beneficial Actions of Caffeine in SARS-CoV-2

Bianca S. Romero-Martinez et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a need for rapid development of effective treatments, with caffeine being suggested as potentially beneficial due to its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and bronchodilator effects. Further research is necessary to validate these potential benefits in vitro and in vivo models.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Repurposing of FDA-approved drugs against active site and potential allosteric drug-binding sites of COVID-19 main protease

Merve Yuce et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, still has serious negative effects, with vaccines being urgently approved. This study reveals potential drug targets on the main protease M-pro and identifies FDA-approved drugs as potential candidates. Computational analysis determines potential drug candidates for M-pro inhibition against SARS-CoV-2 infections.

PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness and safety of ivermectin in the treatment of COVID-19: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Maria Leticia de Lima Machado et al.

Summary: Ivermectin has been proposed as a potential treatment for COVID-19, but there is limited evidence. This review aims to gather superior evidence on the effectiveness and safety of ivermectin. Methods include searching for randomized clinical trials and analyzing outcomes such as mortality, symptom resolution time, and adverse effects.

BMJ OPEN (2021)

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Article Immunology

Combination Treatment With Remdesivir and Ivermectin Exerts Highly Synergistic and Potent Antiviral Activity Against Murine Coronavirus Infection

Yu Ling Tan et al.

Summary: The study found that remdesivir monotherapy significantly inhibited live virus and viral RNA replication, while ivermectin treatment showed the highest selectivity index. Combination drug therapy exhibited strong synergistic effects, especially the combination of remdesivir and ivermectin showed the most significant reduction in live virus and viral RNA in infected macrophages.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Ivermectin for Prophylaxis and Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mario Cruciani et al.

Summary: Evidence for the use of ivermectin in the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 is limited and of low quality, requiring further research to determine its potential indications and optimal treatment protocols.

DIAGNOSTICS (2021)

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Review Biochemical Research Methods

Structure and Function of Major SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Proteins

Ritesh Gorkhali et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has a similar genomic organization to the SARS-CoV virus. The nonstructural proteins (nsps) play a crucial role in virus replication and transcription, modulating the host's translation and immune systems and facilitating the virus's evasion of the host immune response. Additionally, structural proteins like the S protein form the virus receptor, while accessory proteins have immune modulatory roles.

BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOLOGY INSIGHTS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

HIF-1α promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection and aggravates inflammatory responses to COVID-19

Mingfu Tian et al.

Summary: The cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 is a major pathological feature of COVID-19, with HIF-1α and pro-inflammatory cytokines playing key roles in infection and inflammatory responses. The production of HIF-1α, inflammatory responses, and high mortalities in elderly patients indicate its crucial role in exacerbating COVID-19.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Early COVID-19 therapy with azithromycin plus nitazoxanide, ivermectin or hydroxychloroquine in outpatient settings significantly improved COVID-19 outcomes compared to known outcomes in untreated patients

F. A. Cadegiani et al.

Summary: The study found that nitazoxanide, ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine showed significant benefits in early-stage COVID-19 patients, reducing viral shedding, disease duration, and adverse outcomes like respiratory complications, hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and deaths. The combination of early detection and pharmacological approaches in early-stage COVID-19 consistently provided overwhelming benefits to patients, thus eliminating the need for full placebo controlled trials.

NEW MICROBES AND NEW INFECTIONS (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Antiviral effect of high-dose ivermectin in adults with COVID-19: A proof-of-concept randomized trial

Alejandro Krolewiecki et al.

Summary: This study showed that high-dose oral ivermectin has concentration-dependent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, impacting the viral load in respiratory secretions significantly. There was no significant difference observed in clinical outcomes between the two groups of patients.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis: therapeutics in clinical trials, repurposing, and potential development

Joowon Yim et al.

Summary: Since the end of 2020, authorization of COVID-19 vaccines has been ongoing, while treatment methods are still being explored. Patients with COVID-19 often exhibit symptoms of acute lung injury, emphasizing the importance of understanding the impact on pulmonary fibrosis.

ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin alpha/beta 1 heterodimer

Sundy N. Y. Yang et al.

ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Safety of high-dose ivermectin: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Miriam Navarro et al.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

Chaolin Huang et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

W. Guan et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa

Hao Xu et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Editorial Material Pediatrics

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ACTA PAEDIATRICA (2020)

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Article Oncology

Antitumor effects of ivermectin at clinically feasible concentrations support its clinical development as a repositioned cancer drug

Mandy Juarez et al.

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Markus Hoffmann et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The Approved Dose of Ivermectin Alone is not the Ideal Dose for the Treatment of COVID-19

Virginia D. Schmith et al.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Article Virology

In silico studies on the comparative characterization of the interactions of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with ACE-2 receptor homologs and human TLRs

Abhigyan Choudhury et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Review Virology

Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19

Yuefei Jin et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study

Tao Chen et al.

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

The impact of sex and gender on immunotherapy outcomes

Sabra L. Klein et al.

BIOLOGY OF SEX DIFFERENCES (2020)

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Article Oncology

Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection

Zou Xin et al.

FRONTIERS OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

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Ivermectin inhibits DNA polymerase UL42 of pseudorabies virus entrance into the nucleus and proliferation of the virus in vitro and vivo

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Avermectin exerts anti-inflammatory effect by downregulating the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation pathway

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