Illite K-Ar and (U-Th)/He low-temperature thermochronology reveal onset timing of Yadong-Gulu rift in southern Tibetan Plateau

Determining the timing of E-W extension across the NS-trending rifts in southern Tibet is key to test the mechanical models of the latest evolution in the collision between India and Asia. We focus on the southern half of the largest of the seven main rifts, the Yadong-Gulu rift (YGR), which, despite being the focus of numerous studies thanks to its easy access, still lacks direct time constraints. Using illite K-Ar ages of fault gouge from the active Yadong normal fault of the YGR, we directly constrain its onset timing at 9 +/- 1 Ma. (U-Th)/He dating of the footwall leucogranite reveals a rapid exhumation of the southern YGR since -9 Ma, attesting to its onset activity. Such timing is similar to that estimated for the northern half of the YGR at 8 +/- 1 Ma, suggesting that the entire YGR formed at approximately the same time. Our synthesis of published initiation ages of the other main rifts in southern Tibet shows that they mostly fall between similar to 23 and 8 Ma, suggesting a clear spatial and temporal pattern of old initiation ages to the west and young to the east. In this case, the formation of rifts in southern Tibet is unlikely caused by slab tearing of the underthruting Indian plate or orogenic collapse. Our study supports that E-W extension in Tibetan Plateau is triggered by a combination of eastward propagation of the Karakorum-Jiali fault zone and divergent thrusting along the curved Himalayan arc.

Automated summary

Determining the timing of E-W extension across southern Tibet's NS-trending rifts is crucial for understanding the collision between India and Asia. This study focuses on the Yadong-Gulu rift (YGR) and provides direct time constraints on its onset activity using fault gouge ages and (U-Th)/He dating. The results suggest that the YGR formed around 9 Ma, similar to the northern half. The synthesis of initiation ages from other rifts in southern Tibet reveals a spatial and temporal pattern, with older initiation ages to the west and younger to the east. This challenges previous hypotheses of slab tearing and orogenic collapse, supporting the idea that E-W extension in the Tibetan Plateau is triggered by a combination of eastward propagation of the Karakorum-Jiali fault zone and divergent thrusting along the Himalayan arc.